AUTHOR=Ma Dongshen , Yuan Yuqing , Miao Xiaodan , Gu Ying , Wang Yubo , Luo Dan , Fan Meiting , Shi Xiaoli , Xi Shuxue , Ji Binbin , Xiang Chenxi , Liu Hui 

TITLE=Predicting the risk of relapsed or refractory in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma via deep learning

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Oncology

VOLUME=Volume 15 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1480645

DOI=10.3389/fonc.2025.1480645

ISSN=2234-943X

ABSTRACT=IntroductionDiffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in humans, and it is a highly heterogeneous malignancy with a 40% to 50% risk of relapsed or refractory (R/R), leading to a poor prognosis. So early prediction of R/R risk is of great significance for adjusting treatments and improving the prognosis of patients.MethodsWe collected clinical information and H&E images of 227 patients diagnosed with DLBCL in Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital from 2015 to 2018. Patients were then divided into R/R group and non-relapsed & non-refractory group based on clinical diagnosis, and the two groups were randomly assigned to the training set, validation set and test set in a ratio of 7:1:2. We developed a model to predict the R/R risk of patients based on clinical features utilizing the random forest algorithm. Additionally, a prediction model based on histopathological images was constructed using CLAM, a weakly supervised learning method after extracting image features with convolutional networks. To improve the prediction performance, we further integrated image features and clinical information for fusion modeling.ResultsThe average area under the ROC curve value of the fusion model was 0.71±0.07 in the validation dataset and 0.70±0.04 in the test dataset. This study proposed a novel method for predicting the R/R risk of DLBCL based on H&E images and clinical features.DiscussionFor patients predicted to have high risk, follow-up monitoring can be intensified, and treatment plans can be adjusted promptly.