AUTHOR=Wang Xian , Zhao Ziou , Pan Donggang , Zhou Hui , Hou Jie , Sun Hui , Shen Xiangjun , Mehta Sumet , Wang Wei 

TITLE=Deep cross entropy fusion for pulmonary nodule classification based on ultrasound Imagery

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Oncology

VOLUME=Volume 15 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1514779

DOI=10.3389/fonc.2025.1514779

ISSN=2234-943X

ABSTRACT=IntroductionAccurate differentiation of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules in ultrasound remains a clinical challenge due to insufficient diagnostic precision. We propose the Deep Cross-Entropy Fusion (DCEF) model to enhance classification accuracy.MethodsA retrospective dataset of 135 patients (27 benign, 68 malignant training; 11 benign, 29 malignant testing) was analyzed. Manually annotated ultrasound ROIs were preprocessed and input into DCEF, which integrates ResNet, DenseNet, VGG, and InceptionV3 via entropy-based fusion. Performance was evaluated using AUC, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F1-score.ResultsDCEF achieved an AUC of 0.873 (training) and 0.792 (testing), outperforming traditional methods. Test metrics included 71.5% accuracy, 70.69% sensitivity, 70.58% specificity, 72.55% precision, and 71.13% F1-score, demonstrating robust diagnostic capability.DiscussionDCEF’s multi-architecture fusion enhances diagnostic reliability for ultrasound-based nodule assessment. While promising, validation in larger multi-center cohorts is needed to address single-center data limitations. Future work will explore next-generation architectures and multi-modal integration.