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        <title>Frontiers in Oncology | Hematologic Malignancies section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/sections/hematologic-malignancies</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Hematologic Malignancies section in the Frontiers in Oncology journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-05-14T22:25:00.569+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1785153</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1785153</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Non-specific skin lesions in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma lead to diagnosis challenge: a case report and literature review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Zimeng You</author><author>Qianqian Wang</author><author>Li Xue</author><author>Lin Wang</author><author>Tingting Wang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundAngioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), a rare and aggressive subtype of T-cell lymphoma, affects the skin in up to 50% of cases. Its protean clinical and histopathological cutaneous manifestations pose a challenge in diagnosis, particularly when skin involvement precedes lymph node biopsy confirmation.Case presentationA 63-year-old male initially presented with progressive erythema and nodules, later developing vasculitis-like ulcers and generalized lymphadenopathy. The skin biopsy of erythema demonstrated mild perivascular lymphocytic infiltration around small blood vessels throughout the entire dermis, while the vasculitis-like ulcer biopsy demonstrated perivascular lymphocytic infiltration and small blood vessel hyperplasia. The final diagnosis of AITL was made through lymph node incisional biopsy based on morphology and immunohistochemistry. The patient received chemotherapy with the miniCHOP regimen. The skin lesions improved after treatment, and the patient remained under follow-up.ConclusionCutaneous manifestations of AITL are diverse, non-specific and can precede systemic symptoms. Histopathologically, cytological atypia is rarely reported. Immunohistochemistry for T-helper markers and molecular data is sometimes useful. However, both clinical manifestations and histopathology of skin lesions are often non-specific and diverse, leading to misdiagnosis and treatment delay. Continuous observation is necessary in AITL patients who develop skin lesions prior to lymphadenopathy, while the final diagnosis of AITL is still based on lymph node biopsy. Clinicians should be vigilant regarding the cutaneous manifestations of AITL to make an early and accurate diagnosis.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1774702</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1774702</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Hybrid handcrafted and deep feature fusion for automated acute myeloid leukemia classification using TCMA-Net on a class-balanced dataset]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Osama M. Alshehri</author><author>Zohaib Mushtaq</author><author>Muhammad Taha</author><author>Maham Ijaz</author><author>Muhammad Irfan</author><author>Malik A. Altayar</author><author>Mohammed M. Jalal</author><author>Mohammed H. Abu-Alghayth</author><author>Humood Al Shmrany</author><author>Elhashimi Eltayb Hassan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a life-threatening hematological malignancy that requires accurate and timely diagnosis for effective clinical management. However, conventional cytomorphological analysis is time-consuming, subjective, and highly dependent on expert interpretation. Existing artificial intelligence-based approaches are often limited by severe class imbalance and inadequate feature representation, which restrict their generalization capability. To address these challenges, this study proposes a robust and high-performance AML classification framework based on hybrid feature fusion and deep learning. The proposed approach integrates handcrafted features with deep representations extracted from DenseNet201 and MobileNetV2 to form the Hybrid AML Descriptor Network (HADNet), which is further combined with the Transformer-based Tri block Convolutional Multi head Attention Network (TCMA-Net) classifier to capture both local and global contextual information. In addition, a Synthetic Acquisition Artifact Augmentation (S3A) strategy is introduced to mitigate class imbalance by generating realistic variations in illumination and noise. Extensive experiments were conducted on the AML cytomorphology Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) dataset, where the proposed framework achieved a testing accuracy of 99.20%, outperforming traditional machine learning models and deep learning baselines. The effectiveness of the approach is further validated through ablation studies and external evaluation on the acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) dataset, demonstrating strong robustness and generalization across different data distributions. Overall, the results indicate that the integration of handcrafted and deep features significantly enhances classification performance, stability, and reliability. The proposed framework provides a promising solution for automated AML diagnosis and has the potential to support clinical decision-making systems.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1843273</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1843273</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The role of EZH2 dysregulation in the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphomas and its implications as a target therapy]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Myrna Candelaria</author>
        <description><![CDATA[B-cell lymphomas are a group of heterogeneic diseases. During B-cell development, the germinal center (GC) reaction is a complex process, in which transcripcional programs have an epigenetic regulation. Enhancer of zeste homologue-2 (EZH2) is a histone methyltransferase, which catalyzes trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) to control gene transcription critical for cell proliferation, function, differentiation and expansion. It controls the normal biology of germinal B cells. Epigenetic dysregulation is a hallmark of Diffuse large B- cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL), with gain of function (GOF) EZH2 mutations. EZH2 is also overexpressed and plays an important role in lymphomagenesis. Follicular lymphoma (FL) pathogenesis includes epigenomic alterations affecting the immunological niche, and their potential consequences on the informational transfer between the microenvironment and tumor B cells. The introduction of novel target therapies and immunotherapeutics modalities in B cell lymphomas has shifted the treatment landscape. Tazemetostat received FDA approval as the first epigenetic therapy for FL. Valemetostat, which inhibits EZH1/2, as well as tazemetostat in combination with other drugs have been subject of recent research. The purpose of this article is to review the role of EZH2 in normal B cell differentiation and in the pathogenesis of B-Cell lymphomas.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1676730</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1676730</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Identification of an NFIA::CBFA2T3 fusion in cerebrospinal fluid confirms the diagnosis of pediatric CNS myeloid sarcoma with erythroid differentiation: a case report and literature review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Yang Zhao</author><author>Zhizhuo Huang</author><author>Lian Xue</author><author>Leping Zhang</author><author>Yueping Jia</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Myeloid sarcoma with erythroid differentiation represents a mass-forming presentation of acute erythroid leukemia. This entity is exceptionally rare in the pediatric population, with only sporadic reports of de novo cases predominantly involving the central nervous system or orbit. Diagnosing myeloid sarcoma with erythroid differentiation poses significant clinical and pathological challenges, particularly in cases without bone marrow involvement. Here, we report the case of a 1-year-old boy with myeloid sarcoma with erythroid differentiation exhibiting diffuse parenchymal brain infiltration without mass formation. Due to the patient’s critical condition, a tissue biopsy was unfeasible. However, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow cytometry revealed a significant population of immature erythroid cells, and RNA sequencing identified an NFIA::CBFA2T3 fusion—a genetic alteration previously reported in multiple myeloid sarcoma with erythroid differentiation cases. Notably, molecular testing confirmed that the patient was negative for both TP53 mutation and chromosome 17 loss. Given the diagnostic complexity of this tumor, both flow cytometry and RNA sequencing played pivotal roles in establishing the definitive diagnosis.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1838693</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1838693</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: Iliac perivascular myeloid sarcoma presenting with iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis and hydronephrosis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Zhao Shan</author><author>Yue Wang</author><author>Honggang Wang</author><author>Jiaxuan He</author><author>Hongyi Cai</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a rare extramedullary tumor of myeloid blasts that may occur before, concurrently with, or after acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (1–4). We report a 53-year-old man with progressive left lower-limb pain and swelling, initially admitted to the vascular surgery service, with imaging revealing left external iliac vein and proximal common femoral vein occlusive thrombosis, a peri-iliac mass encasing the iliac vessels, and ipsilateral hydronephrosis. Biopsy of the left inguinal lesion showed MPO positivity, CD34 positivity, partial TdT positivity, and a Ki-67 index of about 80%, supporting myeloid sarcoma. Bone marrow studies confirmed AML with maturation, with 55% blasts, a myeloid immunophenotype, CEBPA (TAD1) positivity, and a complex karyotype. Baseline fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) demonstrated irregular perivascular soft tissue extending from the left common to external iliac vessels, with mild FDG uptake. The patient received AML-directed therapy, including two IA cycles and high-dose cytarabine, achieving morphologic complete remission with a marked PET/CT response. During follow-up, measurable residual disease (MRD) fluctuated repeatedly despite continued morphologic remission, prompting venetoclax-based therapy, including cytarabine plus venetoclax, azacitidine plus venetoclax with homoharringtonine, and later azacitidine plus venetoclax combined with tislelizumab. At the last follow-up in December 2025, the patient remained alive. This case highlights that peri-iliac MS may mimic vascular and urologic disease and that serial MRD monitoring can be useful for guiding postremission treatment adaptation in AML with extramedullary disease.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1831094</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1831094</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Efficacy and safety of FLT3 inhibitors for acute myeloid leukemia: a network meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Yaoyao Xu</author><author>Jiaming Li</author><author>Yao Gao</author><author>Gan Huang</author><author>Yingjian Zeng</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundAlong with the more and more clinical application of various FLT3 inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), their real clinical benefits still remain a debated topic. Therefore, this study uses a network meta-analysis method to make comparison on the treatment efficacy and safety situation of different FLT3 inhibitors, hence aiming to offer evidence-based supporting materials for the selection work of clinical treatment strategies.MethodsA systemic search action was carried out inside PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase, from the starting time of each database until December 17, 2025, for the aim to find randomized controlled trials of FLT3 inhibitors used for AML treatment. Stata 18.0 and R Studio software were applied to conduct network meta-analysis, hence RevMan 5.4 software was utilized to perform literature quality appraisal and bias risk assessment.ResultsTwenty RCTs with total 6128 acute myeloid leukemia patients are contained. Efficacy comparison outcomes have demonstrated that treatment with FLT3 inhibitors Gilteritinib (OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.16–2.66) and Midostaurin (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.07–1.60) can produce significant improvement in patients’ complete remission rate. Therefore, survival analysis has found that Gilteritinib (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.49–0.99) and Quizartinib (HR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.54–0.98) can significantly prolong patients’ overall survival (OS). Thus, safety evaluation results have shown that, compared with the control group, the experimental group bears significantly higher risk of adverse events including reduced neutrophil count, anemia, elevated alanine aminotransferase, elevated aspartate aminotransferase, fatigue, thrombocytopenia, dyspnea, and neutropenia (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe investigation outcomes of this research demonstrate that FLT3 inhibitors can produce effective prolongation of overall survival (OS) and bring about improvement to complete remission rate (CR) in AML patients, with good safety and tolerability performance; therefore, hence, gilteritinib may show more excellent treatment effectiveness among them.Systematic review registration, identifier CRD420251267673.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1742593</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1742593</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case report: TTMV::RARA-positive pediatric APL with spinal cord compression as initial presentation: unique clinical features and therapeutic outcomes revealed by a 12-case systematic cohort analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Hong-Lan Yang</author><author>Guo-Yan Xin</author><author>Mei-Ting Long</author><author>Dan- Chen</author><author>Xun Zhao</author><author>Meng-Jun Huang</author><author>Zheng-Lian Yao</author><author>Lin-Qiang Shen</author><author>Jian-Juan Ma</author><author>Yuan-Yuan Tuo</author><author>Yan- Li</author><author>Xiao-Yan Yang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This case report describes a 9-year-old boy with TTMV::RARA-positive acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) presenting with spinal cord compression due to vertebral destruction, a manifestation not previously documented in the literature. Through a systematic review of 11 published cases (2020–2024), we identified both shared and distinctive features of this ultra-rare entity. The patient presented with a 2-year history of progressive hip pain, culminating in neurogenic claudication and urinary retention. Diagnostic evaluation revealed APL-like morphology and immunophenotype (CD33+, MPO+, CD34−, HLA-DR−), negative PML::RARA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and a high burden of TTMV::RARA fusion detected by RNA sequencing (81,142 copies). Treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plus an oral arsenic compound showed an insufficient response; however, the addition of venetoclax achieved molecular remission, which was maintained through 10 months of follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) documented resolution of spinal compression with fatty marrow replacement post-treatment. The literature review reveals recurring patterns: frequent extramedullary involvement (7/12 cases) and diagnostic challenges with conventional testing (6/10 cases FISH/reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) negative). While limited by a single-case observation and heterogeneous reported data that preclude statistical analysis, this report expands the recognized clinical spectrum of TTMV::RARA APL and documents three previously unreported observations: spinal cord compression as the initial presentation, venetoclax-induced remission, and oral arsenic compound utilization. These findings suggest RNA-based fusion testing may be informative for PML::RARA-negative suspected APL with atypical presentations, although optimal diagnostic and therapeutic approaches await validation through collaborative studies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1830652</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1830652</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: Experience of a rare case of primary acute mast cell leukemia with FGFR1 gene rearrangement]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Yalu Liu</author><author>Sheng Gao</author><author>Huizhen Du</author><author>Hong Ji</author><author>Zhao Li</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Mast cell leukemia represents the most malignant subtype of systemic mastocytosis, characterized by a dire clinical prognosis. Currently, no standard treatment regimen exists, with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation being the sole option that may extend patient survival. Most mastocytosis patients exhibit mutations in the KIT gene. This paper presents a case of mast cell leukemia manifesting primarily as intractable shock and extensive bone destruction. Notably, the patient tested negative for KIT gene mutations but exhibited an FGFR1 gene rearrangement. Initial treatment with venetoclax and azacitidine proved ineffective, prompting a shift to second-line targeted therapy using an FGFR1 inhibitor. This case is the first to report FGFR1 gene rearrangement in a mast cell leukemia patient, offering deeper molecular insights into this highly aggressive disease.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1591328</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1591328</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Translating advances in primary central nervous system lymphoma: from prognostic stratification to treatment innovation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Zhenjiang Pan</author><author>Jing Bao</author><author>Shepeng Wei</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare but aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma confined to the CNS, characterized by unique clinical behavior and therapeutic challenges. Outcomes have improved with high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX)-based regimens, but relapse, treatment toxicity, and age-related frailty remain major barriers. This review synthesizes advances in prognostic stratification and treatment of PCNSL. We highlight two validated clinical models (IELSG and MSKCC) and emerging genomic biomarkers that refine risk assessment. HD-MTX-based induction (MTR, R-MPV, MATRix, R-MBVP) is the standard first-line approach for fit patients, including many older adults. Consolidation with thiotepa-based high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation (HDC-ASCT) yields durable disease control in eligible patients, whereas non-myeloablative cytarabine-based chemotherapy or reduced-dose whole-brain radiotherapy remains an option for those unfit for transplant. In relapsed disease, methotrexate rechallenge benefits prior responders, while BTK- or IMiD-based regimens, CAR-T therapy, and focal or whole-brain radiotherapy are under active investigation. Maintenance with HD-MTX or targeted agents shows promise but requires validation. Although therapeutic outcomes have steadily improved, particularly with HD-MTX-based induction and HDC-ASCT consolidation, long-term survival for elderly and relapsed patients remains unsatisfactory. The integration of molecular biomarkers, neurotoxicity-sparing consolidation, and novel immunotherapies may further individualize treatment and improve the durability of remission.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1784384</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1784384</link>
        <title><![CDATA[ATG16L1 and OPTN as a novel prognostic gene expression signature in acute myeloid leukemia survival]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Alexandra Teixeira</author><author>João M. Alves</author><author>Nuria Estévez-Gómez</author><author>Ângela Fernandes</author><author>Nuno Cerveira</author><author>Susana Bizarro</author><author>Manuel R. Teixeira</author><author>Manuel Guerreiro</author><author>Isabel Castro</author><author>Belém Sampaio-Marques</author><author>José Mariz</author><author>Sara Abalde-Cela</author><author>Lorena Diéguez</author><author>David Posada</author><author>Paula Ludovico</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most frequent type of leukaemia in adults, often with poor outcomes due to the complex genetic landscape and low treatment efficacy. Autophagy, a conserved degradation process, plays an indispensable and context-dependent role in AML. This work explored the prognostic impact of autophagy-related genes compared to known AML-related genes. A two-gene signature (ATG16L1-OPTN) demonstrated that the expression of these autophagy-related genes correlates significantly with overall survival (OS). Cox regression analysis and validation in two larger cohorts (BEATAML2andTCGA LAML) confirmed the association of this signature with worst OS, reinforcing its clinical relevance. These results suggest the ATG16L1-OPTN signature as a novel and robust prognostic marker for predicting OS in AML patients.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1788628</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1788628</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: Leptomeningeal involvement in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with central nervous system infection: extramedullary manifestation or transmigration of leukocytes—how to treat this type of CLL?]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Tianjiao Zhang</author><author>Annette Schuller</author><author>Yi Li</author><author>Regina Herbst</author><author>Korinna Jöhrens</author><author>Nicole Schleicher</author><author>Ronny Maurer</author><author>Mathias Hänel</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Central nervous system (CNS) involvement by CLL is rare. We report a non-treated CLL patient with low-risk factors, but showed leptomeningeal involvement during/after neuroborreliosis and EBV meningitis. An 80-year-old woman with CLL in Binet stage A showed neurological syndromes and increased leukocytosis. The initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed EBV-meningitis and neuroborreliosis, but no evidences for CNS involvement of CLL by flow cytometry and morphological/immunochemical assays. After antimicrobial treatment, neurological syndrome were significant improved. However, leukemic meningeal involvement was proved in following CSF analyses. Treatment with intrathecal chemotherapy and Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi) Zanubrutinib were performed. At the follow-up after 12 months, a complete remission was observed. Considering the case of our patient and previous reports, the question arises whether the detection of leukemic cells in the CSF of CLL patients with/after infectious meningitis (especially in neuroborreliosis) is an extramedullary manifestation or only a transmigration of clonal lymphocytes caused by the inflammation of the blood-brain barrier. The prophylaxis of CNS infections should be more seriously, since it may be associated with CLL leptomeningeal involvement. The need for an individualized therapy is certain, our case confirmed the efficacy of Zanubrutinib.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1758791</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1758791</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: An interesting case of vision and hearing loss revealing CNS recurrence in Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Ifeoma Ike</author><author>Victor M. Samperio</author><author>Henry T. Tsai</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundCentral nervous system (CNS) relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) may occur despite systemic remission and can present with isolated neuro-ophthalmologic symptoms. Early diagnosis may be challenging as the initial neuroimaging and ophthalmologic evaluation can be non-diagnostic.Case presentation/discussionWe report on a 57-year-old man with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) B-cell ALL in remission on dasatinib maintenance therapy who presented with acute vision and hearing loss. The initial evaluation, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ophthalmologic examination, did not reveal a definitive etiology, and drug-induced toxicity was initially considered. However, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis demonstrated lymphoblasts, establishing the diagnosis of CNS relapse. Repeat imaging later revealed leptomeningeal and optic nerve sheath enhancement consistent with disease progression. The patient was treated with intrathecal chemotherapy, with subsequent clearance of CSF blasts.ConclusionThis case highlights delayed recognition of CNS relapse due to initial diagnostic anchoring and underscores the limitations of early imaging in detecting CNS involvement. CSF analysis remains the most sensitive diagnostic modality and should be pursued early in patients with ALL who present with unexplained visual or neurologic symptoms.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1809156</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1809156</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The NFIA::CBFA2T3 identifies a molecularly defined subgroup of acute erythroid leukemia/erythroid sarcoma]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Marta Brunetti</author><author>Kristin Andersen</author><author>Geir Erland Tjønnfjord</author><author>Bernward Zeller</author><author>Signe Spetalen</author><author>Monica Cheng Munthe-Kaas</author><author>Liv Toril Nygård Osnes</author><author>Tina Treu Os</author><author>Francesca Micci</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe World Health Organization classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues recognizes acute erythroid leukemia as a distinct entity under myeloid neoplasms. Erythroblastic sarcoma, also known as extramedullary erythroid sarcoma, is defined as a rare extramedullary tumor composed of erythroid precursors, typically occurring outside the bone marrow. While both entities involve immature erythroid precursors and share similar histology, acute erythroid leukemia is a systemic marrow-based leukemia, whereas erythroblastic sarcoma is a localized mass-forming lesion. Since these entities can overlap morphologically with other clinically distinct myeloid malignancies and myelodysplastic syndrome, it is fundamental to characterize them genetically. Materials and methodsWe report a rare and diagnostic challenging case of a 2-year-old boy with erythroid sarcoma characterized by extensive extramedullary involvement, including mediastinum, gastrointestinal tract, pleura/peritoneum, bilateral kidneys, and lymph nodes.Results and discussionThe patient achieved a sustained complete remission following standard acute myeloid leukemia-like therapy with consolidative allogenic stem cell transplant. An NFIA::CBFA2T3 chimeric fusion was found in the tumor genome. Since such a fusion transcript has been identified only in cases of pediatric erythroleukemia/erythroid sarcomas, we propose that it may characterize a molecularly defined subgroup of leukemias. The patient is in full remission with no signs of graft-versus-host disease twenty-eight months after the transplant.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1668068</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1668068</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Is creatine kinase a valid aid in early cardiac muscle damage detection during treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia? A case report]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Grazia Fazio</author><author>Jari Intra</author><author>Orsola Montini</author><author>Laura Rachele Bettini</author><author>Giacomo Gotti</author><author>Alessandra Sala</author><author>Silvia Bungaro</author><author>Giovanni Cazzaniga</author><author>Carmelo Rizzari</author><author>Adriana Balduzzi</author><author>Marco Casati</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme that plays a pivotal role in various physiological processes, including metabolism and muscle function. This enzyme is found in high concentrations in skeletal muscle and the myocardium, with lower levels present in the brain. Increases in CK values have been observed in muscle damage and neuromuscular disorders. The potential for cardiotoxicity resulting from the administration of chemotherapeutic agents has been identified in subjects affected by hematological or solid tumors. In the present work, we describe the case story of a child diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who exhibited two episodes of asymptomatic, markedly elevated CK values, identified during chemotherapy treatment. Our aim was to investigate the potential of CK as a biomarker for the early detection of cardiac muscle damage during therapy.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1849714</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1849714</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Bone marrow hemodilution assessment in multiple myeloma MRD by next generation flow cytometry - a mini review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Sorina Nicoleta Badelita</author><author>Horia Mihail Sandu</author><author>Daniel Coriu</author><author>Delia Codruta Popa</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Bone marrow hemodilution could compromise next generation flow cytometry based measurable residual disease evaluation in multiple myeloma and may cause false negative results. This review summarizes definitions, markers, indices, mitigation strategies, and current challenges in standardization.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1741238</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1741238</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Superior long-term survival with acceptable safety of ATG/G-CSF–based haplo-HSCT with intensified BU+MEL/TT conditioning in CR Pediatric Non-DS–AMKL]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Fei Pan</author><author>Jing Long</author><author>Xing-yu Cao</author><author>Yue Lu</author><author>Jian-ping Zhang</author><author>Yan-li Zhao</author><author>Min Xiong</author><author>Fang-min Pan</author><author>Guan-lan Yue</author><author>Kang Gao</author><author>Zhi-jie Wei</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundNon–Down syndrome acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (non–DS–AMKL) is a rare but high-risk subtype of pediatric AML with dismal outcomes. Allo-HSCT in first complete remission (CR1) is recommended as the preferred strategy for improving survival, yet the benefit of BU/CY intensification with melphalan (MEL) or thiotepa (TT) remains unclear.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 70 pediatric non–DS–AMKL patients undergoing ATG/G-CSF–based haplo-HSCT between March 2010 and February 2024, comparing standard BU/CY (n=25) with intensified BU+MEL/TT (n=45). Endpoints included OS, LFS, RI, NRM, and TRM. Survival was estimated by Kaplan–Meier and compared with the log-rank test, while cumulative incidences were analyzed using Gray’s test. Cox proportional hazards and Fine–Gray competing-risk regression models were applied for univariate and multivariate analyses, as appropriate.ResultsBaseline clinical characteristics were comparable between groups, whereas graft CD34+ (median, 10.40×106/kg vs 5.85×106/kg) and CD3+ (median, 4.54×108/kg vs 1.89×108/kg) cell doses were significantly higher in the BU+MEL/TT group (both P<0.001). Median follow-up was 25 months (range, 13–91.2). Day-100 TRM was similar between groups (6.67% vs 8.00%, P = 0.81), with no significant differences in engraftment, GVHD, viral reactivations. No VOD/SOS or TMA events were observed. Among patients transplanted in CR, the BU+MEL/TT group demonstrated superior 5-year OS (75.2% vs 50.0%, P = 0.045) and LFS (76.3% vs 50.0%, P = 0.039), with numerically lower RI and NRM. In contrast, patients transplanted in NR/PR had poor outcomes in both groups, with 1-year OS and LFS of approximately 20%. In multivariable Cox analyses, intensified conditioning (BU+MEL/TT vs BU) improved OS (HR 0.20, P = 0.047) and LFS (HR 0.29, P = 0.034). Complex cytogenetics (OS: HR 2.38, P = 0.016; LFS: HR 2.58, P = 0.011) and pre-transplant NR/PR status (OS: HR 5.53, P = 0.001; LFS: HR 3.55, P = 0.004) were independent adverse factors. In competing-risk models, conditioning was not associated with RI or NRM, whereas NR/PR status significantly increased relapse (HR 3.39, P = 0.019) and NRM (HR 3.73, P = 0.007).ConclusionsIn pediatric non–DS–AMKL, intensified conditioning (BU+MEL/TT) independently improved OS and LFS in patients transplanted in CR without increasing early NRM. Pre-transplant NR/PR status was the strongest adverse factor, markedly increasing RI and NRM, underscoring the importance of achieving remission before transplantation.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1773709</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1773709</link>
        <title><![CDATA[POEMS syndrome with multiple ganglioside/paraneoplastic antibodies misdiagnosed as CIDP: a case report]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Mengmeng Fan</author><author>Jiaxiu He</author><author>Shihui Sun</author><author>Linyuan He</author><author>Zhao Zhong</author>
        <description><![CDATA[POEMS syndrome is a rare multisystem disorder characterized by polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein (M-protein) secretion, and skin changes. Its pathogenesis is driven by plasma cell dyscrasias and the dysregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In contrast, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is an immune-mediated condition that primarily affects peripheral nerve myelin, lacking the systemic involvement and hematological markers characteristic of POEMS syndrome. Given their overlapping neuromuscular manifestations—primarily progressive sensory loss and motor weakness—POEMS is frequently misdiagnosed as CIDP during initial presentation. This report presents a case of POEMS syndrome initially presenting with lower limb paresthesia. Through evaluation of the clinical course, specialized laboratory findings, and histopathological analysis, the diagnosis was clarified. By integrating this case with a comprehensive literature review, our study aims to enhance clinical vigilance and diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing POEMS syndrome from CIDP, two disorders with superficially similar neuropathic features but fundamentally different underlying etiologies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1779897</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1779897</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Spontaneous regression of stage IV advanced diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in an person living with HIV: a case report and literature review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Wei Zhang</author><author>Changgang Deng</author><author>Qisui Li</author><author>Jing Yuan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundHIV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive malignancy with poor outcomes despite combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Spontaneous regression in advanced-stage disease is exceptionally rare.Case descriptionA 66-year-old male with stage IV, non-germinal center DLBCL involving the liver achieved complete radiographic resolution of multifocal hepatic lesions without cytotoxic therapy following cART initiation. Remission has been sustained for over 36 months. Effective viral suppression and CD4+ T-cell recovery (from 200 to 571 cells/μL) were temporally correlated with tumor regression.ConclusionSpontaneous regression of stage IV diffuse large B−cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is exceedingly rare among individuals with HIV infection. This case underscores the critical role of immune reconstitution via cART in treating HIV−associated lymphoma. Therefore, it is recommended to initiate cART as early as possible in HIV−positive lymphoma patients to restore immune function, which can positively influence lymphoma management.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1744250</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1744250</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Efficacy and safety of CD38-directed CAR-T cell therapy for multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Xinlong Xu</author><author>Chang Dong</author><author>Jiashuo Guo</author><author>Xiaolin Chang</author><author>Yu Zhang</author><author>Shuting Gou</author><author>Liying Xue</author><author>Jie Li</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundRelapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) remains a clinical challenge despite therapeutic advances. CD38-directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, especially dual-target CD38/BCMA constructs, represents an emerging immunotherapeutic strategy. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CD38-directed CAR-T in RRMM.MethodsWe systematically searched Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to October 1, 2025. Eligible clinical trials investigating CD38-directed CAR-T (single-target or dual-target CD38/BCMA) for RRMM were included. Random-effects model was used to pool efficacy and safety outcomes of dual-target studies, while single-target CD38 data were summarized descriptively.ResultsA total of 4 studies involving 70 patients were included (3 dual-target CD38/BCMA studies, n=61; 1 single-target CD38 study, n=9). For dual-target CD38/BCMA CAR-T, the pooled overall response rate (ORR) was 89% (95% CI: 81%–97%), complete response/stringent complete response (CR/sCR) rate was 63% (95% CI: 44%–82%), and minimal residual disease (MRD)-negative rate was 67%. Mortality was 11%. The single-target CD38 CAR-T showed lower efficacy (ORR = 33%) and higher mortality (44%). Any-grade cytokine release syndrome (CRS) occurred in 83% of patients, with grade ≥3 CRS in 26%. Other adverse events included infections (23%), immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS, 13%), and kidney injury (13%).ConclusionDual-target CD38/BCMA CAR-T demonstrates promising efficacy and manageable safety in RRMM. Evidence for single-target CD38 CAR-T remains limited and requires cautious interpretation. Further large-scale comparative studies are warranted to determine the optimal role of CD38-directed CAR-T in RRMM treatment sequencing.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1785307</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1785307</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Vertebral involvement in Erdheim-Chester disease: a case report of non-BRAF-driven diagnosis and treatment challenges]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-28T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Haocheng Zhao</author><author>Weifei Xie</author><author>Shanshan Lin</author><author>Lingzhi Wu</author><author>Wenqiu Wu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Erdheim–Chester disease (ECD) is a rare non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis that is frequently misdiagnosed because of its nonspecific systemic symptoms. We report the case of a 73-year-old woman who presented with persistent back pain, abdominal discomfort, and fever. Imaging revealed predominant thoracolumbar vertebral involvement, characterized by multifocal osteosclerosis on computed tomography and abnormal signal intensity with contrast enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging. This radiologic pattern may closely mimic inflammatory disorders, hematologic malignancies, or metastatic disease. Vertebral biopsy established the diagnosis of ECD. Molecular analysis of peripheral blood did not identify actionable driver mutations in the MAPK/PI3K signaling pathways, including BRAF V600E, highlighting the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with non–BRAF-driven ECD. Despite corticosteroid therapy and supportive management, the disease followed an aggressive clinical course with a poor outcome. This case underscores vertebral and bone marrow–dominant ECD as an underrecognized presentation and emphasizes the importance of integrating histopathology, imaging findings, and molecular profiling to reduce diagnostic delay and inform management when targetable mutations are absent.]]></description>
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