AUTHOR=Lima Carolina Veloso , de Arruda Alanna Barros , Noronha Mayara dos Santos , Sampaio Aline Araujo , Silveira Marise Fagundes , Martins Andrea Maria Eleuterio de Barros Lima , Ferreira Raquel Conceição , de Godoy Aline Netto , Sousa Daniela Marques da Silva , Garcia Patrick Pereira , Costa Cyrene Piazera Silva , Souza João Gabriel Silva , Costa Oliveira Bárbara Emanoele 

TITLE=Income-related inequalities in the prevalence of dental pain intensity in adults: gender differences

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Oral Health

VOLUME=Volume 6 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oral-health/articles/10.3389/froh.2025.1510345

DOI=10.3389/froh.2025.1510345

ISSN=2673-4842

ABSTRACT=IntroductionDental pain is a multifactorial and unpleasant experience that negatively affects daily activities. Previous studies have shown that adults living in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas showed higher dental pain prevalence. This study evaluated whether income inequalities are related to increased dental pain intensity among adults and identified differences between women and men.MethodsA probabilistic sample of adults was investigated, and income inequality was evaluated using the Gini Index. Dental pain intensity was recorded on a scale from 1–10 for those who experienced dental pain in the 6 months preceding the survey. The covariates were contextual (related to cities) and individual (related to individuals). Associations were investigated for the entire sample and stratified by gender using multilevel Poisson regression models.ResultsDental pain was reported by 41% of the included sample (n = 4,512 adults). Maximum pain intensity was reported more frequently for women than for men. Those living in municipalities with higher Gini Index values reported 1.26 times (95% CI: 1.01–1.56) greater dental pain intensity compared to adults living in cities with lower Gini Index values, even after adjustment by variables. The same pattern was observed when stratified by gender, but it was not statistically significant.ConclusionThus, the contexts of income inequalities can contribute to more severe dental pain intensity among adults. Also, the findings suggest that income inequality does not modify the relationship between gender and dental pain intensity.