AUTHOR=Resnick Barbara , Van Haitsma Kimberly , Kolanowski Ann , Galik Elizabeth , Boltz Marie , Ellis Jeanette , Behrens Liza , Eshraghi Karen , Renn Cynthia L. , Dorsey Susan G. 

TITLE=Invariance of the PAINAD Scale Between the Black and White Residents Living With Dementia

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pain Research

VOLUME=Volume 2 - 2021

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pain-research/articles/10.3389/fpain.2021.757654

DOI=10.3389/fpain.2021.757654

ISSN=2673-561X

ABSTRACT=The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the PAINAD and particularly consider whether or not this measure was invariant when used among Black and White residents.  Baseline data from an implementation study testing that included a sample of 553 residents, 30% of whom were Black, from 55 nursing were included in this study.  The Winsteps statistical program was used to perform the Rasch Analysis and evaluate the reliability and validity of the measure based on internal consistency, INFIT and OUTFIT statistics, mapping and a DIF analysis.  The AMOS statistical program was used for Confirmatory Factor Analysis.  The findings supported the reliability and validity of the PAINAD when used with these individuals and demonstrated that there was no evidence of invariance between Black and White residents.  All the items fit the model but there was not a good spread of the items across the pain level of the participants.  The majority of the participants (75%) were so low in pain signs or symptoms that they could not be differentiated.  It is recommended, therefore, that additional items be added to the measure such as observing the individual for evidence of resisting care, retropulsion when trying to stand, hitting or kicking when turning in bed, hitting or kicking when transferring from bed to chair, hitting or kicking when ambulating, or hitting or kicking when raising arms, less engagement with others, and decreased participation in activities previously enjoyed.