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        <title>Frontiers in Parasitology | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/parasitology</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Parasitology | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-05-14T01:17:36.268+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2026.1830920</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2026.1830920</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Transgenesis and targeted mutagenesis in the human-parasitic nematode Strongyloides stercoralis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Matthew S. Moser</author><author>Elissa A. Hallem</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted helminth that is responsible for an estimated 300–600 million human infections worldwide, mostly in impoverished areas of tropical and sub-tropical countries. To date, S. stercoralis is also the only human-parasitic nematode that is amenable to the generation of stable transgenic or mutant lines that can be maintained indefinitely by passage through a laboratory host, the Mongolian gerbil. Because of its health significance and ease of genetic manipulation, S. stercoralis has rapidly emerged as a model system for understanding the molecular and cellular basis of nematode parasitism. In this mini-review, we discuss the approaches used to generate transgenic and mutant S. stercoralis, with an emphasis on approaches for generating stable transgenic or knockout lines. We also discuss how these approaches are enabling new insights into the basic biology of these highly pathogenic, and sometimes deadly, human parasites.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2026.1798958</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2026.1798958</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Molecular taxonomic characterisation of Ancylostoma spp. and Strongyloides spp. in three protected areas in Ghana]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Sandra S. Gyarteng Mensah</author><author>John Asiedu Larbi</author><author>Adrian Streit</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundSoil-transmitted helminths (STHs) continue to affect millions of people worldwide, but the role of animals in sustaining transmission remains poorly understood. This study examined the diversity and zoonotic potential of hookworms and Strongyloides across humans, dogs, and nonhuman primates (NHPs) in three different study areas located in three ecological zones in Ghana, where humans live in close contact with domestic dogs and free-ranging nonhuman primates, creating opportunities for cross-species parasite exchange.MethodsStool samples from humans, dogs, and nonhuman primates were analysed using the Baermann technique after faecal culture. Single larvae and young adult worms were genotyped at the nuclear small subunit (SSU) Hypervariable Regions (HVR) I and IV, ITS-2 and the mitochondrial cox-1 markers. Species identities and genetic relationships were explored using Neighbour-joining and Maximum-likelihood phylogenies in MEGA 12 and a Median-joining haplotype network in POpART.ResultsTwo major clusters of hookworms were detected in our study area, both belonging to the genus Ancylostoma. One cluster is closely related to a species group containing A. caninum, A. duodenale, A. ceylanicum, and A. tubaeforme. The other cluster appears to belong to the species A. braziliense. Several haplotypes in both clusters were shared between humans and dogs, indicating active zoonotic transmission. For Strongyloides, humans carried S. stercoralis, monkeys carried S. fuelleborni, and in dogs we found a Strongyloides that appeared closely related to S. papillosus.ConclusionsOur findings reveal substantial hookworm diversity but no evidence for host specificity, which suggests zoonotic transmission at the human-dog interface. The, based on previous literature, unexpected recovery of A. braziliense larvae from human stool suggests that the zoonotic potential of this species may be greater than previously assumed. In contrast to several recent studies in Asia, we found no overlap between Strongyloides spp. in humans and animals but the number of Strongylodies spp. infected hosts was very small. Our results reinforce the need for including animals that live in close proximity to humans in STH studies and control considerations, following a One Health approach.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2026.1797945</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2026.1797945</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: Neurological and pulmonary angiostrongylosis in a Ryukyu long-furred rat (Diplothrix legata) on Amami-Oshima Island, Japan]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>So Shinya</author><author>Toshihiro Tokiwa</author><author>Keita Sakashita</author><author>Hisashi Yoshimura</author><author>Ryotaro Suzuki</author><author>Ryouta Torimoto</author><author>Yukinori Muraoka</author><author>Masami Yamamoto</author>
        <description><![CDATA[A Ryukyu long-furred rat (Diplothrix legata) rescued on Amami-Oshima Island, located in the southwestern Japan, exhibited neurological signs, including nystagmus and ataxia, and died six days after supportive treatment. Gross and histopathological examinations revealed nematodes in the brain, lungs, and heart. In the meninges, immature worm sections were associated with marked inflammatory thickening. Pulmonary lesions included adult worms, eggs, and larvae accompanied by hemorrhage, edema, thrombosis, and extensive necrosis with concurrent Aspergillus infection. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 sequences obtained from the nematodes identified the ac1 lineage of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, a haplotype previously reported from mainland Japan and Amami-Oshima Island, but distinct from the lineage common on the neighboring islands of Okinawajima and Tokunoshima. This case supports the occurrence of angiostrongylosis in the Ryukyu long-furred rat and suggests that this species may manifest both neurological and respiratory disease manifestations. Further epidemiological investigations targeting invasive rodents of the genus Rattus, intermediate host, namely terrestrial gastropods (e.g., snails and slugs), and potential paratenic hosts (e.g., amphibians and reptiles), are warranted to clarify the transmission dynamics of A. cantonensis within the Amami Islands and to assess its potential impact on this endangered endemic rodent.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2026.1749169</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2026.1749169</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Haplotype diversity of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein prior to malaria vaccine implementation in Kaelé Health District, Cameroon, 2022–2023]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Innocent M. Ali</author><author>Brenda Vasquez Martinez</author><author>Valery P. K. Tchuenkam</author><author>Jacob M. Sadler</author><author>Catherine C. Gorman</author><author>Sandrine E. Nsango</author><author>Voundi Voundi Junior</author><author>Joel Marcellin Ateba</author><author>Grace Yimga Wanda</author><author>Jeffrey A. Bailey</author><author>Rhoel R. Dinglasan</author><author>Jessica T. Lin</author><author>Jonathan J. Juliano</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Malaria remains a major public health concern in Cameroon, with Plasmodium falciparum responsible for most morbidity and mortality, particularly among children under five. In response to rising cases, Cameroon began implementing the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in early 2024. Given the vaccine’s strain-specific efficacy, understanding haplotypic diversity is critical for evaluating long-term impact. We analyzed 100 P. falciparum-positive dried blood spots collected in Mapoussere, Kaele Health District (2022–2023). Using the 4CAST amplicon sequencing assay, we targeted four genes: csp (circumsporozoite protein), ama1 (apical membrane antigen 1), sera2 (serine repeat antigen 2), and trap (thrombospondin-related anonymous protein). Haplotypes were identified using SeekDeep, and diversity metrics including heterozygosity (He), nucleotide diversity (π), and selection statistics (Tajima’s D, Fu and Li’s D*, F*) were computed. We successfully genotyped csp in 35% of samples, identifying 22 haplotypes (He = 0.908; π = 0.021). The vaccine-matched haplotype was present in 20% of genotyped infections. The T cell TH2 and TH3 epitopes of csp showed signs consistent with balancing selection. Both ama1 and sera2 exhibited higher genotyping success and diversity, with ama showing significant Tajima’s D values. Within-participant haplotype counts were highest for ama1 (mean = 2.8), followed by sera2 (2.1), csp (1.3), and trap (1.2). This study provides a baseline of P. falciparum haplotype diversity in a vaccine-targeted region. The presence of vaccine-matched strains and high diversity in TH2/TH3 epitopes in csp may influence vaccine efficacy. Continued molecular surveillance is essential to monitor antigenic shifts and guide future strategies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2026.1690973</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2026.1690973</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Onchocerciasis overview: pathogenesis, clinical spectrum, and therapeutic challenges of a neglected tropical disease]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Charity N. Njeshi</author><author>Alan P. Robertson</author><author>Richard J. Martin</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Onchocerciasis is still a major health burden in sub-Saharan Africa and Yemen, where many cases occur as control efforts face persistent obstacles, while smaller, well-defined transmission foci remain in Brazil and Venezuela. Caused by the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus and transmitted by blackflies, the disease causes progressive disability, economic loss, and hampers community development. Despite decades of mass drug administration with ivermectin, the inability of the drug to kill adult worms, increasing concerns over resistance, and the lack of effective vaccines continue to hinder elimination strategies. This review provides an overview of the disease, discussing its transmission dynamics, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. It also examines the immune-mediated responses that drive tissue damage and chronic morbidity, with an emphasis on skin and ocular complications. We highlight the need for rapid, non-invasive, and cost-effective diagnostic tools to enhance disease surveillance and assessment of treatment. Finally, we discuss the limitations of current therapies and recent progress in vaccine development, particularly subunit and multi-epitope vaccine candidates identified through reverse vaccinology approaches. Together, these insights reinforce the need for integrated strategies, combining improved diagnostics, novel treatments, and vaccines, to drive progress toward onchocerciasis elimination.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2026.1755999</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2026.1755999</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Field evaluation of a topical combination of ivermectin, imidacloprid, and praziquantel for flea control in cats under routine clinical]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Camilo Romero-Núñez</author><author>Ariadna Flores-Ortega</author><author>Rafael Heredia-Cárdenas</author><author>Enrique Salazar-Grosskelwing</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionFlea infestation remains a major clinical and public health concern in cats due to its negative impact on animal welfare and its role in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens. Effective flea control under routine field conditions is essential for integrated parasite management in companion animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of a topical formulation combining ivermectin, imidacloprid, and praziquantel for flea control in domestic cats under field conditions.MethodsA total of 142 naturally infested cats of varying ages, sexes, and body conditions were included in the study. All animals received a single topical application of the evaluated formulation. Clinical and parasitological assessments were performed on Days 0, 1, 7, 14, and 30 post-treatment using standardized flea counts, pruritus scores, and dermatological lesion scores. Treatment effectiveness was assessed using within-subject pre–post comparisons. Effective flea control was defined as a marked reduction in the proportion of flea-positive cats relative to baseline, accompanied by concurrent clinical improvement.ResultsThe proportion of cats free of detectable fleas exceeded 91% by Day 7 and approached 95% by Day 30 post-treatment. Significant clinical improvement was observed during the first two weeks, including reductions in pruritus intensity and dermatological lesion scores. Treatment response did not differ according to sex or age, indicating consistent clinical performance across diverse feline subpopulations. No adverse effects were reported throughout the study period.DiscussionThe findings indicate that the evaluated topical combination provides consistent and clinically meaningful flea control in domestic cats under routine field conditions, supporting its use as part of integrated parasite management strategies in companion animals. However, the absence of a negative control or active comparator group represents a limitation of the study; therefore, treatment effectiveness was assessed using within-subject comparisons rather than established regulatory efficacy benchmarks.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2026.1729760</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2026.1729760</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Ecological influences on host–parasite dynamics among Biomphalaria snails in two schistosomiasis endemic regions of Kenya]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Florence N. Parsimei</author><author>Steven Ger Nyanjom</author><author>Mercy Y. Akinyi</author><author>George Ogara</author><author>Collins Ngudi</author><author>Patrick K. Karanja</author><author>Maurice R. Odiere</author><author>Lucy Ochola</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting over 240 million people globally, with sub-Saharan Africa bearing the highest burden. In Kenya, transmission of Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of intestinal schistosomiasis, remains prevalent in western, coastal, and central regions, particularly in the Mwea Irrigation Scheme and the Lake Victoria basin. The parasite depends on Biomphalaria snails as intermediate hosts, yet ecological determinants influencing infection dynamics remain underexplored. This study examined S. mansoni infection in Biomphalaria snails across two contrasting ecosystems: Lake Victoria and the Mwea rice irrigation scheme in Kenya. Snails, water, and soil samples were collected from the study sites. Water and soil were analyzed for abiotic parameters, including temperature, turbidity, salinity, pH, and soil porosity, while snail infections were confirmed via cercarial shedding and PCR targeting the ITS region. Laboratory-maintained isolates of S. mansoni were passed through baboons and served as positive controls for molecular identification. Biomphalaria pfeifferi was the most dominant species (90.4% of all snails sampled). Infection prevalence among infected snails varied across sites around Lake Victoria basin: Anyanga Beach, Siaya (70.8%, 80/113), Sindo Rangwena, Homabay (20.6%, 7/34), Kasabong, Siaya (16.9%, 12/71), and Kendu Bay, Homabay (16.7%, 3/18), with a chi-squared test confirming a strong site–infection association (χ² = 67.33, df = 3, p < 0.001), indicating significant spatial heterogeneity in transmission risk. Infection correlated positively with temperature (r = 0.72, p < 0.01) and soil porosity (r = 0.65, p < 0.05), and negatively with turbidity (r = −0.63, p < 0.01) and salinity (r = −0.58, p < 0.05) for samples found in areas around Lake Victoria basin. Molecular screening of 272 snail-derived samples using ITS1 primers yielded 113 positives. Sequencing confirmed B. pfeifferi (600 bp) from Mwea Irrigation Scheme and Lake Victoria Basin, forming a monophyletic clade with strong bootstrap support. The 500 bp ITS1 fragment identified S. mansoni in lab-maintained strains and Thiba in Mwea Irrigation Scheme samples, clustering within the S. mansoni clade. Further analysis of cercariae using 18S rDNA revealed ≥98% similarity to Zygocotyle lunata in Lake Victoria sites, forming a well-supported clade distinct from schistosomes.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1725651</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1725651</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Roles of cytokines in modulating Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection outcomes in vervet monkeys]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-01-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Clarah Jebet</author><author>John Kibuthu Thuita</author><author>Daniel Masiga</author><author>Benedict Owino Orindi</author><author>John Oidho</author><author>Mark C. Field</author><author>Enock Matovu</author><author>Vincent Owino Adung’a</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionHuman African trypanosomiasis (HAT), caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, is categorized as acute due to rapid disease progression but presents varying clinical outcomes. Although the mechanisms underpinning differential clinical progression are poorly understood, both host and parasite factors are implicated. Therefore, we sought to elucidate roles of primate host factors in mediating varying T. b. rhodesiense infection outcomes. MethodsHere, we assessed the roles of selected host cytokines in disease progression using a tsetse-mediated infection in a non-human primate (NHP) vervet monkey model that closely mimics HAT and natural infection. We quantified eight cytokines, including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-1β, as well as the brain injury biomarker S100b and clinical data, and compared acute and chronic infections. In addition,  ResultsMonkeys infected with KETRI 3801 and KETRI 3928 had mean survival times of 28 and 95 days, respectively. In both infected groups, cytokine levels were significantly higher than those in uninfected controls (p < 0.05). IL-12, IL-6, and IL-1β cytokines were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) from early-stage disease to the onset of late-stage disease. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-10 are implicated in pro- and counter inflammatory responses. In addition, cerebrospinal fluid parasite and white blood cell levels were higher in KETRI 3801 infections compared with KETRI 3928 infections.  DiscussionWe conclude that cytokines play roles in modulating disease progression and severity in an NHP model of HAT, which is important for understanding varying infection outcomes.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1721690</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1721690</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Genetic diversity and genotyping of Echinococcus multilocularis: a minireview]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Franziska Rachel</author><author>Franz Josef Conraths</author><author>Pavlo Maksimov</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The genome of Echinococcus multilocularis, one of the most dangerous endoparasites for humans in the northern hemisphere, has been studied for decades, but its global genetic diversity has not yet been fully deciphered. Yet, our understanding of the diversity of this parasite has recently improved significantly due to the development of new genotyping methods. However, the use of different methods and markers has made it difficult—and in some cases impossible—to compare existing studies directly. As a result, accurate information on the global genetic diversity of E. multilocularis remains unavailable, although such knowledge is essential from both clinical and epidemiological perspectives. Here we provide an overview of the state of knowledge on the genetic diversity of E. multilocularis, and the methods used for genotyping this parasite and provide an outlook on needed future research to understand the diversity of this fascinating parasite.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1699367</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1699367</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Assessing the performance of TRX and DUF148 antigens for detection of prepatent Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) infection in dogs]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Hassan Hakimi</author><author>Pabasara Weerarathne</author><author>Meriam N. Saleh</author><author>Raquel R. Rech</author><author>Richard Ngandolo Bongo Nare</author><author>Philip Ouakou Tchindebet</author><author>Sidouin K. Metinou</author><author>Jessica M. van Loben Sels</author><author>Lucienne Tritten</author><author>Guilherme G. Verocai</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionGuinea worm (GW) is a nematode that causes a neglected tropical disease that is targeted for eradication. GW emergence in animals, particularly dogs, has hampered eradication efforts. Currently, there is no method for diagnosing GW infection in animals during the prepatent period. Previous work has identified two immunoreactive antigens, TRXL-1 (TRX) and DUF148.MethodsThis study developed and assessed the performance of an indirect ELISA using these antigens.ResultsUsing serum samples from experimentally exposed dogs, TRX and DUF148 showed reactivity at 9- and 11-weeks post-exposure, respectively. These antigens were further assessed using sera of dogs from GW-endemic villages in Chad (n=47) and shelter dogs from the non-endemic United States (n=492). DUF148 showed better reactivity and sensitivity of 76.6.% in detecting GW infection in prepatent sera compared to TRX. However, DUF148 cross-reacted with a Brugia pahangi experimental infection serum sample and several shelter dog sera. To mitigate this cross-reaction, we produced 3 peptides that spanned different regions of DUF148. Peptide 3 from the C-terminal was more reactive with prepatent sera and had a sensitivity of 83%; however, the specificity was not superior to whole antigen.DiscussionOur findings could facilitate the development of diagnostic methods for early detection of GW infection in dogs in endemic countries.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1679294</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1679294</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Assessing the diagnostic value of qPCR for Trichuris trichiura: sub-analysis of a multi-country clinical trial to determine the efficacy of albendazole compared to an albendazole-ivermectin fixed dose combination]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Pedro E. Fleitas</author><author>Michel Bengtson</author><author>Augusto Messa</author><author>Brian Bartilol</author><author>Woyneshet Gelaye</author><author>Stella Kepha</author><author>Javier Gandasegui</author><author>Áuria de Jesus</author><author>Valdemiro Novela</author><author>Inácio Mandomando</author><author>Charles Mwandawiro</author><author>Wendemagegn Enbiale</author><author>Alejandro Krolewiecki</author><author>Jose Muñoz</author><author>Martin Rono</author><author>Lisette van Lieshout</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Trichuris trichiura remains a major global public health concern, particularly in low-resource settings where standard anthelmintic regimens are limited. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of real-time PCR (qPCR) compared to the Kato-Katz (KK) method in assessing the efficacy of a fixed-dose combination (FDC) of albendazole and ivermectin versus albendazole for the treatment of T. trichiura. The study was embedded within the ALIVE clinical trial (NCT05124691), a phase 2/3 trial conducted in Kenya, Mozambique, and Ethiopia. Stool samples were collected at baseline and 21 ± 7 days post-treatment, with KK performed on fresh samples and qPCR on ethanol-preserved aliquots. In total 534 participants were selected based on positive KK and qPCR at baseline and complete data post-treatment. The primary endpoint was cure rate (CR) by KK and qPCR; secondary endpoints included egg reduction rate (ERR) and cycle threshold (Ct) value incrementation rate (CtIR). Additionally, machine learning algorithms were used to predict infection intensity from qPCR Ct-values and demographic variables. qPCR confirmed the superior efficacy of FDC compared to albendazole as previously shown by KK, but discrepancies were observed in CRs between qPCR and KK, particularly lower qPCR CRs for FDC×1 and FDC×3. Concordance between stool egg counts and Ct-value decreased post-treatment, likely due to reduced KK sensitivity in low-intensity infections. ERR and CtIR showed parallel patterns of efficacy across treatment arms. Machine learning models showed good performance for predicting baseline infection intensity. While not interchangeable, qPCR complements KK and enhances the precision of drug efficacy evaluation in helminth clinical trials.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1679131</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1679131</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Genetic polymorphism of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein in Kigali, Rwanda]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Sandra Noukimi Fankem</author><author>Jean-Bosco Mbonimpa</author><author>Edgar Mutebwa Kalimba</author><author>Mariama Telly Diallo</author><author>Jacob Souopgui</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionMalaria remains a major public health challenge across sub-Saharan Africa, with Plasmodium falciparum responsible for the vast majority of cases and deaths. In Rwanda, although control measures have led to significant progress, malaria continues to be endemic, with urban centers like Kigali experiencing continuous transmission. With the recent rollout of malaria vaccines such as RTS,S and R21, understanding the genetic variability of vaccine-targeted antigens is essential for anticipating and enhancing vaccine performance.MethodsThis study investigated the genetic diversity of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (Pfcsp) gene among 245 clinical isolates collected between October 2021 and June 2023 at King Faisal Hospital, a referral center in Kigali, Rwanda. PCR amplification of the csp locus was performed, and the resulting amplicons were sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) employing the R10.4 flow cell chemistry, allowing for high-resolution haplotype reconstruction and detection of polymorphic sites across the gene.ResultsA total of 48 distinct haplotypes were identified, indicating high haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.8899) but moderate nucleotide diversity (p = 0.00834), suggesting immune-driven balancing selection. The N-terminal region was highly conserved across isolates, including full conservation of the KLKQP motif, reinforcing its functional importance in hepatocyte invasion. In contrast, the central repeat region exhibited substantial variability in NANP/ NVNP tetrapeptide repeat numbers, and the C-terminal region, particularly the Th2R and Th3R epitopes showed extensive polymorphism. Notably, fewer than 1% of sequences matched the 3D7 vaccine strain, and several key amino acid positions associated with vaccine escape showed high mutation frequencies.DiscussionOur findings suggest that the genetic divergence of circulating csp variants in Kigali could be a factor influencing vaccine performance, underscoring the importance of ongoing molecular surveillance to guide eventual vaccine implementation in Rwanda and other endemic regions]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1711595</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1711595</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Correction: In vitro co-culture model of Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Lactobacillus crispatus: a system for assessing antimicrobial activity and microorganism interactions in vaginitis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Correction</category>
        <author>Fernanda Gomes Cardoso</author><author>Luisa Trindade dos Santos</author><author>Saulo Almeida Menezes</author><author>Graziela Vargas Rigo</author><author>Tiana Tasca</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1630827</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1630827</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Multisystem involvement in hydatid disease: a case report of disseminated echinococcosis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Hanamanthraya Mallannagouda</author><author>Shivanand Melkundi</author><author>Sanjana Devarmani</author><author>Vedashree V. Tiwari</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundHydatid disease is a zoonosis caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, most often affecting the liver and lungs. Disseminated hydatidosis is rare, accounting for <10% of cases.Case presentationWe present a 28-year-old man with paraplegia and abdominal pain. He was first diagnosed with hydatid disease at a government hospital 3 years earlier and presented to us with only an ultrasound (US) report. No serology reports were furnished. He had deferred surgery due to financial constraints. At current presentation, US, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated multiple cysts across the pelvis, retroperitoneum, spine, mediastinum, neck, and extremities. Imaging morphology was consistent with the WHO-IWGE (Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis) CE1–CE3 hydatid cysts. Differentials including abscess, cysticercosis, necrotic metastases, and lymphangioma were ruled out based on the absence of contrast enhancement, calcification pattern, and clinical correlation.Treatment and outcomeSurgery was advised, but was declined. PAIR (puncture, aspiration, injection, re-aspiration) was contraindicated due to multivesicular bone and spinal cysts. The patient was managed with oral albendazole. Follow-up data are currently unavailable.ConclusionThis case highlights disseminated hydatid disease with an unusual spinal and soft tissue involvement. Multimodality imaging is pivotal for diagnosis and treatment planning. Awareness of the imaging features is essential for timely recognition and management.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1691804</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1691804</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Biomolecular approaches to trichomoniasis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-02T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano</author><author>Tiana Tasca</author><author>Valentina Margarita</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1610965</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1610965</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effect of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus grandis, and Mentha arvensis on Trichomonas vaginalis and role of its symbionts Mycoplasma hominis and Ca. Mycoplasma girerdii]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-08-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Valentina Margarita</author><author>Thi Ha Trinh Nguyen</author><author>Giacomo Luigi Petretto</author><author>Antonella Congiargiu</author><author>Antonietta Ligas</author><author>Nicia Diaz</author><author>Phuong Anh Ton Nu</author><author>Giorgio Pintore</author><author>Paola Rappelli</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionTrichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease, is caused by the protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis. T. vaginalis can establish a symbiosis with two bacteria, Mycoplasma hominis and Candidatus Mycoplasma girerdii, whose intracellular presence may modulate several characteristics of the protozoan, including its sensitivity to 5-nitroimidazoles, the only class of drugs currently effective in treating trichomoniasis. The rising prevalence of T.vaginalis strains resistant to metronidazole, the most commonly used antitrichomonal drug, underscores the need for therapeutic alternatives active against the protozoon.MethodsIn this study, we evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from three plants cultivated in Vietnam — Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus grandis, and Mentha arvensis — against thirty T. vaginalis strains isolated from symptomatic women in Italy and Vietnam. We also assess the influence of M. hominis and Ca. M. girerdii on T. vaginalis susceptibility to essential oils and metronidazole, through dedicated susceptibility assays. Additionally, given the importance of lactobacilli in maintaining vaginal health, we investigate the effects of the essential oils on Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus crispatus. The cytotoxic activity of the oils against HeLa cells was also tested in vitro.ResultsAll three essential oils showed effective antitrichomonal activity without inhibiting lactobacilli growth. Among them, C. citratus oil exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on T. vaginalis, including strains harboring bacterial symbionts. Moreover, the oils demonstrated no cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells at the concentrations effective against the protozoan.DiscussionThe results support the potential of C. citratus essential oil as a natural antitrichomonal agent. Its effectiveness against both free and symbiont-infected T. vaginalis strains positions it as a promising candidate for developing alternative therapies against drug-resistant trichomoniasis.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1622149</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1622149</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Molecular diagnosis of Chagas disease in patients with megaesophagus exhibiting negative or inconclusive serological results]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-08-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Angelica Martins Batista</author><author>Tycha Bianca Sabaini Pavan</author><author>Eros Antonio de Almeida</author><author>Daniel Maximo Corrêa de Alcantara</author><author>Paula Durante Andrade</author><author>Luiz Cláudio Martins</author><author>Jamiro da Silva Wanderley</author><author>Sandra Cecília Botelho Costa</author><author>Gláucia Elisete Barbosa Marcon</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Chagasic megaesophagus is a relatively uncommon clinical manifestation in individuals with chronic Chagas disease (CD), and it has not been extensively documented in literature. However, individuals may exhibit negative or inconclusive serology for CD. This study aimed to assess the performance of molecular diagnostics for CD in participants with these conditions. This was a prospective cohort study that included 26 participants with negative or inconclusive conventional CD serology (Group I), 33 participants with positive CD serology and megaesophagus (Group II), and 10 participants with negative serology and no CD epidemiological history (Group III). Blood samples were collected for serological tests (ELISA and IFAT), blood cultures, and molecular tests like nested PCR (nPCR) targeting Sat-DNA and kDNA, as well as quantitative PCR (qPCR) of T. cruzi. Statistical analyses applying the Composite Reference Standard (CRS), showed that diagnosis by Sat-DNA nPCR had a sensitivity of 95% (95% CI: 82%–99%), a specificity of 81% (95% CI: 64%–93%), an accuracy of 88%. When considering a positive result from at least one molecular test, 20 out of 26 participants with megaesophagus and negative or inconclusive conventional serology were identified (76.9%). This study reinforce the greater detection capacity of Sat-DNA nPCR compared to the diagnostic methods tested. This emphasizes the importance of employing molecular diagnosis to clarify the etiology in megaesophagus cases.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1568852</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1568852</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Physiological, environmental, and life-history drivers of haemosporidian infections in non-passerine birds from a rehabilitation center]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-08-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Lis Marques de Carvalho e Vieira</author><author>Victor Aguiar de Souza Penha</author><author>Kevin J. McGraw</author><author>Amanda Vitória Dornelas da Silva</author><author>Erika Martins Braga</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionPathogens and parasites play a crucial role in shaping ecological and evolutionary processes, influencing the behavior, physiology, and survival of their hosts across diverse ecosystems. Despite their taxonomic and functional diversity, non-passerine birds remain underrepresented in pathogen/parasite ecological research, providing an opportunity to explore how their unique life histories influence host-parasite dynamics. Investigating the susceptibility of non-passerines to infections, particularly in relation to physiological stress indicators such as heterophil-to-lymphocyte (H/L) ratios and microhematocrit levels, offers valuable insights into the complex interplay between health state, environmental conditions, and disease dynamics.MethodsWe evaluated the occurrence of haemosporidian parasite (avian malaria) infections (Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp.) in individuals from six non-passerine bird species – Red-legged Seriema (Cariama cristata), Crested Caracara (Caracara plancus), Yellow-headed Caracara (Daptrius chimachima), Dusky-legged Guan (Penelope obscura), Gray-necked Wood-Rail (Aramides cajaneus), and Tropical Screech Owl (Megascops choliba) – that were admitted to the Wildlife Screening Center in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We assessed whether blood-parasite infection occurrence was associated with hematological parameters (e.g. microhematocrit, H/L ratio), major injuries, age, body condition, season, co-occurrence of Trichomonas spp. infections, and presence of ectoparasites.ResultsOf the 75 individuals analyzed, 37% were infected with haemosporidian parasites (Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp. combined). Age was a significant predictor of haemosporidian infection, with adults exhibiting higher overall haemosporidian parasite occurrence (both Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp. together), likely due to age-related chronic infection accumulation or higher mortality among infected juveniles. Also, individuals infected with Haemoproteus spp. only showed elevated H/L ratios, suggesting a physiological response to infection, and were more frequently infected during the rainy season, likely reflecting optimal vector conditions. No significant associations were observed between blood-parasite infection occurrence and other factors such as physical condition, major injuries, co-occurring Trichomonas spp., or the presence of ectoparasites.DiscussionThese findings highlight the importance of considering physiological, environmental, and life-history factors when investigating malaria infections in non-passerine birds. By advancing our understanding of host-parasite interactions in these underrepresented species, this study contributes valuable knowledge to inform conservation, rehabilitation, and wildlife-management strategies for these less-studied birds.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1634209</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1634209</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Guanine derivatives as promising candidates for the development of purine-based antimalarial drugs]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-07-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Worlanyo Tashie</author><author>Harry P. de Koning</author><author>Nancy O. Duah-Quashie</author><author>Neils B. Quashie</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe increasing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to existing antimalarial drugs drives the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. The purine salvage pathway in P. falciparum is essential for the parasite’s survival due to its complete reliance on host-derived purines for nucleic acid synthesis and other essential processes. Although the purine salvage system has been intensively researched, no purine-based antimalarial drugs have been taken into preclinical development. The current study evaluated the chemotherapeutic potential of some purine nucleobase analogues against P. falciparum.MethodsIn vitro sensitivity assays were conducted using the 72-hour SYBR Green drug assay on laboratory-adapted P. falciparum strains 3D7 and Dd2. The most potent nucleobase analogues were docked into PfENT1 using the PyRx software suite.ResultsThe analogues 8-azaguanine, 7-deazaguanine, and 6-thioguanine exhibited average EC50 values of 1.71 µM, 14.9 µM and 15.7 µM, respectively, for 3D7 and 5.2 µM, 16.3 µM and 18.6 µM, respectively, for the Dd2 strain, and subsequently tested against field isolates of P. falciparum. These ex vivo tests showed EC50 values ranging from 0.5 - 4.5 µM for 8-azaguanine, 3.8 - 12.3 µM for 7-deazaguanine, and 4.1 - 15.0 µM for 6-thioguanine. To understand their cellular targeting, molecular docking of the same analogues was performed using the structure of P. falciparum Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 (PfENT1). This demonstrated that guanine, 8-azaguanine and 7-deazaguanine formed five hydrogen bonds each with the same amino acid residues of PfENT1, whereas 6-thioguanine’s orientation allowed only two hydrogen bonds with PfENT1. The binding pose of inosine was different from these nucleobases.DiscussionThese findings highlight the potential of guanine-based scaffolds, particularly 8-azaguanine and 7-deazaguanine, as promising leads for purine-based antimalarial drug development and the versatility of the PfENT1 transporter in the uptake of purine antimetabolites.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1633767</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2025.1633767</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Commentary: Evaluation of the AiDx Assist device for automated detection of Schistosoma eggs in stool and urine samples in Nigeria]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-07-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>General Commentary</category>
        <author>Nathkapach Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon</author><author>Schawanya Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon</author>
        <description></description>
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