Front. Pediatr.Frontiers in PediatricsFront. Pediatr.2296-2360Frontiers Media S.A.10.3389/fped.2022.858166PediatricsBrief Research ReportNovel IL2RG Gene Mutation in One of Dizygotic Twins Causing Profound Changes of Receptor StructureRutkowska-ZapałaMagdalena1†SzaflarskaAnna1†KluczewskaAnna1CiȩciwaJulia2PlewkaJacek3MichalskaAnna2SiedlarMaciej1*1Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland2Department of Clinical Immunology, University Children Hospital, Krakow, Poland3Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
Edited by: Neslihan Edeer Karaca, Department of Pediatrics, Turkey
Reviewed by: Mohiuddin Mohammed Taher, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia; Francesca Conti, University of Bologna, Italy
*Correspondence: Maciej Siedlar misiedla@cyf-kr.edu.pl
This article was submitted to Pediatric Immunology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pediatrics
†These authors have contributed equally to this work
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
In this study, we report a 4-month-old boy with T−B+NK− severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a novel mutation in exon 2 of IL2RG, the gene encoding the interleukin (IL) common gamma chain (γc) of the cytokine receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. The patient was born from a twin pregnancy. He manifested recurrent infections of the gastrointestinal tract, whereas his twin brother was asymptomatic with no immune defects. In order to evaluate the effect of this unreported variant on the protein structure, a structural modeling process was performed showing prominent biochemical alterations of the protein features, including molecular weight, isoelectric charge, and possible changes to its secondary and tertiary structure.
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a group of inherited disorders responsible for life-threatening dysfunctions of the immune system. Among them, inherited in an X-linked manner SCID (SCIDX-1, X-SCID) is the most prevalent, accounting for approximately half of the cases of SCID, with an estimated incidence of 1:130,000 live births (1). SCIDX-1 is caused by mutations of IL2RG, the gene encoding a common gamma chain (also known as γc or CD132), which is a transmembrane protein shared by cytokine receptors for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 (2, 3). The IL2RG gene spans 4.5 kb of genomic DNA organized in 8 exons and encodes a protein of 369 amino acids. The γc molecule is expressed on the cell surface of lymphoid, myeloid cells, and hematopoietic progenitors (4, 5). It consists of three domains: extracellular (carries the gene for family conserved cysteines and repeated tryptophan and serine motifs), transmembrane, and intracellular. Together with the IL-2Ra and IL-2Rb subunits, γc composes the cellular receptor for IL-2 and is essential for its signal transduction through activation of JAK3 tyrosine kinase (6, 7). So far, according to the VarSome database, 284 known variants in the IL2RG gene are observed, of which 147 are pathogenic, 51 are uncertain, and 86 are benign (8). The most common pathogenic variants identified in affected patients are missense mutations located mainly in the extracellular domain encoded by exons 1 to 5 of IL2RG, followed by nonsense and frameshift mutations (1, 7, 9).
In this study, we report a 4-month-old boy with T−B+NK− SCID due to an unreported nonsense mutation in exon 2 of the IL2RG gene. The patient was derived from a twin pregnancy, and his twin brother was asymptomatic with no immune defects. In order to confirm the pathogenic effect of the detected novel variant on the protein structure, a modeling process was performed.
Materials and MethodsPatient
Our patient was the third child of non-consanguineous parents. The second-born male twin, after 37 weeks of pregnancy, was delivered by cesarean section, weighing 2,520 g. The Apgar score was 10 at 1 and 5 min. The pregnancy was uneventful, and there was no relevant family history, specifically no history of primary immunodeficiencies in both families. He was vaccinated against bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) and hepatitis B in the first 24 h of life. The infant was asymptomatic until 1 month of life when he was admitted to the hospital because of diarrhea with dehydration. No pathogens in stools were detected, but the C-reactive protein (CRP) level was increased leading to the antibiotic treatment (amoxicillin with clavulonic acid). The second hospitalization took place only a few days after the first, once again because of diarrhea with no detectable pathogens in stools and with an increased CRP level. He again received an antibiotic (cefuroxime). Because a heart murmur was detected on the physical examination and in ECHO atrial septal defect (ASD) II, the patient was given enalapril. Moreover, he had bilateral free inguinal hernias. When he was 2 months old, he again developed diarrhea and was admitted to the Children's University Hospital of Cracow. The patient received azithromycin therapy as the campylobacter antigen was detected in his stool samples. The next day, he developed a severe norovirus infection with dehydration, hypoalbuminemia, and metabolic disturbances. Additionally, the patient was diagnosed with an Escherichia coli urinary tract infection that was treated with cefuroxime. Despite no visible respiratory issues, the patient's chest X-ray showed mild interstitial changes. Viral infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), were excluded with the PCR method. We tested three gastric lavage samples, which were negative for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) and for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (DNA probe and culture). During his stay, he was consulted by a cardiologist, an endocrinologist, and a surgeon. Because of the prolonged diarrhea, he received additional co-trimoxazol treatment. He was fed with protein hydrolysates (Neocate). At that time point, the patient was referred to our immunology ward where additional immunological tests were performed. The parameters analyzed showed decreased levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA), a normal level of immunoglobulin M (IgM), and a lack of T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, whereas the number of B lymphocytes was within normal ranges. The chest X-ray and ultrasound examination did not reveal thymus presence. We also performed flow cytometric analysis in the patient‘s twin brother, who showed a normal absolute number of T, B, and NK cells (Tables 1, 2). We also proved dizygosity of the two brothers performing twin chimerism analysis. Our patient was admitted without diarrhea, showed no symptoms of an infection, and had no pathogens detected in his blood and urine samples. However, norovirus antigens were present in the stool samples. Antibiotics, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefuroxime, and also co-trimoxazole, micafungin, rifampicin with isoniazid as BCG-itis prophylaxis, and IVIG substitution (every 10 days in a 500 mg/kg dose) were included in the therapeutic schedule. After excluding DiGeorge syndrome, on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings, X-linked SCID was the putative diagnosis. Therefore, the IL2RG gene was selected for Sanger sequencing analysis. The patient is currently being prepared for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from his human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched twin brother.
The number of white blood cells (WBCs) and their population at first examination in the patient and his twin brother.
Patient
Patient's twin brother
Age-matchedreference values
WBCs (cells/μl x 10−3)
9.69
7.18
5.98 - 13.51
% of WBCs
Cells/μl x 10−3
% of WBCs
Cells/μl x 10−3
% of WBCs
Cells/μl x 10−3
Lymphocytes
22.1
2.14
66.4
4.77
26.0–85.6
1.52–8.99
Neutrophils
17.1
1.66
18.9
1.35
10.9–76.0
0.97–7.21
Eosinophils
46.9
4.54
3.3
0.24
0.0–4.0
0.02–0.82
Monocytes
13.3
1.29
10.7
0.77
3.8–13.4
0.24–1.17
Humoral and cellular immunity parameters at first examination in the patient and his twin brother.
Parameter
Patient
Patient's twin brother
Age-matched reference values
Serum immunoglobulins (g/l)
IgG
1.56
nd
2.66 - 7.01
IgA
<0.07
nd
0.07 - 0.37
IgM
0.45
nd
0.17 - 0.86
Lymphocyte subpopulations
% of lymphocytes
Cells/μl
% of lymphocytes
Cells/μl
% of lymphocytes
Cells/μl
CD3
0.1
2
64
3052
53.0–84.0
2500–5500
CD4
0.1
2
52
2479
35.0–64,0
1600–4000
CD8
0
0
9
429
12–28
560–1700
CD3/HLADR
0.1
2
2.1
100
5.0–8.0
135–232
CD19
98
2098
29
1383
6–32
300–2000
CD3-16+56+
1
21
6
286
4–18
170–1100
nd, not determined.
Immunological Assays
All immunological parameters were determined during routine laboratory tests. The concentration of the serum immunoglobulin level was measured by nephelometry, whereas the percentage and absolute numbers of a particular subpopulation of lymphocytes were determined by flow cytometry.
Molecular AnalysisDNA Isolation
Genomic DNA was isolated using a QIAmp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) from peripheral blood drawn into tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as an anticoagulant. DNA concentrations and quality were measured using a Quawell Q5000 UV–vis spectrophotometer.
Sanger Sequencing of the <italic>IL2RG</italic> Gene
Coding sequences of the IL2RG gene were amplified by PCR, which was performed using 100 ng of spectrophotometrically quantified DNA, 0.3 units of AmpliTaq Gold polymerase (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 0.5 mM of each deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP), 2.5 mM MgCl2, and 0.5 l M of each primer (Genomed, Poland) specific to all 8 exons of the IL2RG gene. The reaction volume was 20 μl. Primer sequences for amplification and sequencing reactions are available on request. The PCR products were purified with an ExoSAP-IT For PCR Product Cleanup (Affymetrix) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Then, Sanger sequencing PCR was performed using the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and exon-specific primer. PCR products were purified by ethanol/EDTA precipitation and dissolved in Hi-Di Formamide (Thermo Fisher Scientific), denatured at 95°C for 3 min, and run on the Applied Biosystems 3500 Genetic Analyzer with the use of POP-7 polymer, 50 cm capillary, default run parameters, and analyzed with the Sequencing Analysis software v5.4 (Applied Biosystems). For each exon, bidirectional sequence analysis was performed. The DNA sequencing results were aligned to the IL2RG gene sequence available in the Ensembl database (reference sequences ENSG00000147168; the numbering of exons and mutation nomenclature were according to the transcript ENST00000374202.7).
Chimerism Analysis
The presence of chimerism among the twin brothers was assessed using short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping and an AmpFLSTRTM IdentifilerTM PCR Amplification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The kit amplifies 16 loci including amelogenin in a single tube and provides loci corresponding to the STR database standards. Fluorescently labeled PCR products were capillary electrophoresed on the sequencing apparatus ABI Prism 3,500 with the use of POP-7 polymer and 50 cm capillary. The resulting signals were analyzed with Peak ScannerTM Software v1.0.
Structural Analysis
To elucidate the molecular interactions of the mutated protein, a high-resolution model was generated using the Muster software. The model was later compared with the available wild-type model of IL2RG made using AlphaFold (PDB ID: A1xS) (10).
Results
In the genetic material of our patient, a novel unreported hemizygous deletion of T nucleotide in exon 2 of this gene was detected. This variant, localized at position c.200_200delT (cDNA.292_292delT; g.1143_1143delT), leads to a frameshift followed by a premature stop codon (p.V67Afs*4). In order to determine the inheritance of the detected variant, the sequence analysis of exon 2 of the IL2RG gene in the patient's mother was performed, and her heterozygous state was confirmed. Since the twin brother was selected as the bone marrow donor, the sequence analysis of exon 2 of the IL2RG gene was also performed on it, and the results revealed no pathogenic variant in the analyzed region. Results of the patient's and his family's DNA sequencing are shown in Figure 1A.
(A) Electropherogram of the fragment of the IL2RG gene's second exon of the patient, showing unreported deletion c.200_200delT, resulting in frameshift variant V67Afs*4. Electropherogram of the patient's mother confirms the carrier of the nucleotide variant observed in our patient. The correct sequence of the analyzed fragment of the gene in the healthy twin brother is shown at the bottom. Positions of the mentioned nucleotide are indicated by the frame with an arrow. The sequence fragments were displayed by the Chromas Lite software; (B) AlphaFold (cyan) and Muster (yellow) models of the IL2RG with the mutant variant sequence in red and magenta; (C) The Muster model reported a mutant variant of IL2RG showing secondary structures; and (D) PsiPred prediction of secondary structures with their probabilities based on the mutant variant sequence of IL2RG.
In the next step, we generated a model of the high-resolution structure of IL2RG protein based on the mutated sequence found in our patient and compared it to the available model from AlphaFold (PDB ID: A1xS) (11). The comparison revealed that the structure of the γ domain within IL2RG that was reported to be involved in a complex formation with IL-2Rα and IL-2Rβ (PDB ID: 2ERJ) was conserved in both models, whereas both N and C termini were intrinsically disordered. The product of partial expression of IL2RG reported here comprised the first 69 amino acids that were within the disordered N terminus (Figure 1B, red color). The analysis of the secondary structures predicted for this region (Figure 1C) suggested the presence of twelve amino acid long α-helices and three short β-sheets, which were also present in the model of mutated IL2RG; however, the level of the prediction confidence was low (Figure 1D). Biochemically, such truncation of IL2RG not only significantly reduces its molecular weight from 42 to 7.5 kDa but also alters its isoelectric point from slightly acidic pI 5.9 to 3.8, severely modifying its charge distribution.
Discussion
In this study, we described a patient with clinical features of SCID, in whom a novel unreported variant in the IL2RG gene (c.200_200delT) was detected. It is worth mentioning that within the codon where the patient's variant was localized, two other gene variants have been described: substitution c.201C>T (rs756100347) and substitution c.199G>A (rs775243259), with benign and uncertain significance status, respectively. Interestingly, our patient was derived from a twin pregnancy, and his twin brother was asymptomatic with no immune defect. According to our best knowledge, this is the first report concerning X-SCID in one of dizygotic twins.
Based on the clinical picture, it can be assumed that the novel mutation observed in our patient is pathogenic. Moreover, it is possible that the clinical picture of our patient is concerned with this particular type of mutation. Infections in this child were mainly related to the gastrointestinal tract. However, we performed only gastric lavages and cannot definitely rule out BCG infection in the intestines. Among 20 SCID children diagnosed in our center from 2000, 5 of them have had T−B+NK− concerned with IL2RG gene mutation. All these cases revealed both pulmonary and gastrointestinal tract infections. Some of these patients demonstrated BCG-itis, whereas, in the described twin, no symptoms were observed.
The modeling process also seems to confirm the pathogenicity of the detected variant. Structurally, the truncated variant of IL2RG does not have a γ domain responsible for the interactions with IL-2Rα and IL-2Rβ, therefore preventing the assembly of IL-2 receptor ectodomains. Moreover, the resulting mutant, even though it is most likely disordered, has the potential to have a tertiary structure. This, in combination with a significantly more negatively charged surface, may allow the mutant variant to interact with other proteins resulting in the further alteration of the immune system.
In conclusion, the novel genetic variant detected in our patient may cause structural changes in receptor protein, which result in the phenotype of T−B+NK− X-linked SCID.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets for this article are not publicly available due to concerns regarding participant/patient anonymity. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics Statement
Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants' legal guardian/next of kin.
Author Contributions
MR-Z and AS were responsible for the patient's clinical care, planned the diagnostic procedures, and wrote the manuscript. AK and JC performed the sequencing analysis and contributed to the final version of the manuscript. JP performed and described the structural analysis of the mutated protein. AM performed chimerism analysis. MS supervised the study and data analysis and revised the article. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This work was supported by the O Zdrowie Dziecka Foundation of the University Children's Hospital in Cracow.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
JP acknowledges support from the Foundation for Polish Science.
ReferencesCandottiFde VillartayJ-PMoshousDVillaANotarangeloLD. “Severe combined immune deficiency”. in Stiehm's Immune Deficiencies. Inborn Errors of Immunity, second ed., eds Sullivan: K.E, Stiehm E.R. (London: Cambridge Oxford Elsevier, Academic Press) (2020), p. 153–206.TakeshitaTAsaoHOhtaniK. Cloning of the gamma chain of the human IL-2 receptor. Science. (1992) 257:379–82. 10.1126/science.16315591631559NoguchiMYiHRosenblattHM. Interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain mutation results in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency in humans. Cell. (1993) 73:147–57. 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90167-O18941169PuckJMDeschenesSMPorterJC. The interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain maps to Xq13.1 and is mutated in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, SCIDX1. Hum Mol Genet. (1993) 2:1099–104. 10.1093/hmg/2.8.10998401490LeonardWJLinJXO'SheaJJ. The gammac family of cytokines: basic biology to therapeutic ramifications. Immunity. (2019) 50:832–50. 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.02830995502RussellSMJohnstonJANoguchiM. Interaction of IL-2R beta and gamma c chains with Jak1 and Jak3: implications for XSCID and XCID. Science. (1994) 266:1042–45. 10.1126/science.79736587973658MiyazakiTKawaharaAFujiiH. Functional activation of Jak1 and Jak3 by selective association with IL-2 receptor subunits. Science. (1994) 266:1045–7. 10.1126/science.79736597973659VarSome. The Human Genomics Community. Available online at: https://varsome.com/gene/il2rg (accessed 13 October 2021).PuckJMde Saint BasileGSchwarzK. IL2RGbase: a database of gamma-c chain defects causing human X-SCID. Immunol Today. (1996) 17:507–16. 10.1016/S0167-5699(96)80903-08961626WuSZhangY. MUSTER: Improving protein sequence profile-profile alignments by using multiple sources of structure information. Proteins: Struct Funct Bioinform. (2008) 72:547–56 10.1002/prot.2194518247410StauberD.JDeblerE.WHortonP.ASmithK.AWilsonI.A. Crystal structure of the IL-2 signaling complex: paradigm for a heterotrimeric cytokine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2006) 103:2788–93. 10.1073/pnas.051116110316477002