AUTHOR=Chao Yen-Chun , Yang Horng-Woei , Chang Lung , Tseng Chih-Wen , Fang Li-Ching , Ho Che-Sheng , Chi Hsin , Yang Kuender D. 

TITLE=Case report: Presentations and cytokine profiles of inflammatory non-pulmonary COVID-19 and related diseases in children

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pediatrics

VOLUME=Volume 11 - 2023

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pediatrics/articles/10.3389/fped.2023.1209772

DOI=10.3389/fped.2023.1209772

ISSN=2296-2360

ABSTRACT=The pandemic of COVID-19 has evolved to dynamic waves of different SARS-CoV-2 variants. In the beginning, children with COVID-19 presented pulmonary involvement with mild disease. In the later waves of COVID-19, life-threatening non-pulmonary inflammatory diseases such as 1) aseptic meningoencephalitis (ME), 2) acute necrotizing encephalopathies (ANE), and 3) multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) occurred to children. To alert early recognition and prevention of the life-threatening non-pulmonary COVID-19, we described ME, ANE, and MIS-C cases in terms of clinical manifestation, cytokine profile, and follow-up consequences. Based on the immunopathogenesis and risk factors of non-pulmonary COVID-19, we delineated early diagnosis and treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality in children.