AUTHOR=Geißen Wiebke , Engels Svenja , Aust Paula , Schiffmann Jonas , Gerullis Holger , Wawroschek Friedhelm , Winter Alexander 

TITLE=Diagnostic Accuracy of Magnetometer-Guided Sentinel Lymphadenectomy After Intraprostatic Injection of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Intermediate- and High-Risk Prostate Cancer Using the Magnetic Activity of Sentinel Nodes

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pharmacology

VOLUME=Volume 10 - 2019

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2019.01123

DOI=10.3389/fphar.2019.01123

ISSN=1663-9812

ABSTRACT=Due to the high morbidity of extended lymph node dissection (eLND) and the low detection rate of limited LND, targeted sentinel LND (sLND) was implemented in prostate cancer (PCa). Subsequently, non-radioactive SLN detection using MRI and a magnetometer after intraprostatic injection of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) was successfully applied in PCa. To validate the reliability of this approach, considering the magnetic activity of SLNs or whether it is sufficient to dissect only the most active SLNs as shown in other tumor entities for radio-guided sLND, we analyzed magnetometer-guided sLND results in 218 high- and intermediate-risk PCa patients undergoing eLND as a reference standard. Using a sentinel nomogram to predict LN invasion (LNI), a risk range was determined up to which LND could be dispensed with or sLND-only would be adequate. In total, 3711 LNs were dissected, and 1779 SLNs (median 8) were identified. Among 78 LN-positive patients, there were 264 LN metastases (median 2). sLND had a 96.79% diagnostic rate, 88.16% sensitivity, 98.59% specificity, 97.1% positive predictive value (PPV), 93.96% negative predictive value (NPV), 4.13% false negative rate, and 0.92% additional diagnostic value (LN metastases only outside the eLND template). For intermediate-risk patients only, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 100%. Magnetic activities of SLNs were heterogeneous regardless of metastasis. The accuracy of predicting the presence of metastases for each LN from the proportion of activity was only 56.3% in high- and 63.4% in intermediate-risk patients. Patients with LNI risk <5% could have been spared LND, as no positive LNs were found in this group. For patients with a LNI risk between 5% and 20%, sLND-only would have been sufficient without missing any LN metastases; thus, eLND could be dispensed with in 36% of patients. In conclusion, SPION-guided sLND is a reliable alternative to eLND in intermediate-/high-risk PCa. No conclusions can be drawn from magnetic SLN activity regarding the presence of metastases. LND could be dispensed with according to a nomogram of predicted probability for LNI of 5% without losing any LN-positive patients. Patients with LNI risk between 5% and 20% could be spared eLND by performing sLND.