AUTHOR=Cheng Xiao , Chen Zhe , Zhang Lingli , Xu Peipei , Qin Fang , Jiao Xuefeng , Wang Yiyi , Lin Mao , Zeng Linan , Huang Liang , Yu Dan 

TITLE=Efficacy and Safety of Midazolam Oral Solution for Sedative Hypnosis and Anti-anxiety in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pharmacology

VOLUME=11

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.00225

DOI=10.3389/fphar.2020.00225

ISSN=1663-9812

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Background:</bold> Midazolam is recommended by health guidelines for sedation and hypnosis in children. Oral solution is a suitable dosage form for children. But there is no conclusive evidence for sedative-hypnosis and antianxiety effects by midazolam oral solution in children.</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> Relevant studies were identified through searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, International Pharmaceuticals, four Chinese electronic databases, and relevant lists. Two reviewers independently selected trials, assessed trial quality, and extracted the data.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> Eighty-nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing midazolam oral solution with placebo or blank (<italic>n</italic> = 33), dexmedetomidine (<italic>n</italic> = 15), ketamine (<italic>n</italic> = 11), different midazolam doses (<italic>n</italic> = 10), midazolam injection (<italic>n</italic> = 8), chloral hydrate (<italic>n</italic> = 7), diazepam (<italic>n</italic> = 5), N<sub>2</sub>O (<italic>n</italic> = 5), triclofos (<italic>n</italic> = 4), butorphanol (<italic>n</italic> = 2), fentanyl (<italic>n</italic> = 2), hydroxyzine (<italic>n</italic> = 1), and thiopental (<italic>n</italic> = 1) were identified. Meta-analysis showed no significant difference in the success rate and duration of sedation and hypnosis between midazolam oral and injectable solution (<italic>P</italic> &gt; 0.05). The success rate of sedation and hypnosis of midazolam was higher than that of ketamine [risk ratio (RR) = 1.32, 95% CI (1.07, 1.62), <italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup> = 0%, <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.01]. No significant difference was found in the success rate of sedation and hypnosis, mask acceptance, and parental separation between midazolam oral solution and dexmedetomidine (<italic>P</italic> &gt; 0.05), and the result of one cohort study was consistent. The results of RCTs and a prospective cohort study showed that the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADR) was 19.57% (189/966). Incidence of adverse reactions between dose groups of (0.25, 0.5] and (0.5, 1.0] mg/kg was similar [Pf (95% CI) = 0.10 (0.04, 0.24) and Pf (95% CI) = 0.09 (0.02, 0.39), respectively], higher than that of the dose group of (0, 0.25] mg/kg [Pf (95% CI) = 0.01 (0.00, 0.19)].</p><p><bold>Conclusions:</bold> Available evidence suggests that midazolam oral solution is as good as midazolam injection and dexmedetomidine and is better than ketamine. Based on efficacy and safety results, an oral midazolam solution dose of 0.5–1 mg/kg is recommended for children.</p>