AUTHOR=Sokolović Dragana , Drakul Dragana , Vujić‐Aleksić Vesna , Joksimović Bojan , Marić Siniša , Nežić Lana 

TITLE=Antibiotic consumption and antimicrobial resistance in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A single-center experience

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pharmacology

VOLUME=Volume 14 - 2023

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2023.1067973

DOI=10.3389/fphar.2023.1067973

ISSN=1663-9812

ABSTRACT=Antimicrobial resistance and the rapid spread of multiresistant bacteria represent one of the main  public health problem in limited resources countries. This issue is significantly worsening since the COVID-19 pandemic due to the unreasonably increased antibiotics prescription to patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this study was to examine whether  COVID-19 pandemic (2020, 2021) was associated with increased antibiotic consumption in inpatient and outpatient settings in the middle size urban region  (Republic of Srpska/Bosnia and Herzegovina) in comparison to period before the pandemic (2019). Additionally, we aimed to determine antimicrobial resistance and the presence of multiresistant bacteria in the regional hospital ("Saint Apostol Luka" Hospital Doboj) in 2021.
Antibiotic consumption in hospital setting registered during 2019, 2020 and 2021 was as follows: carbapenems (meropenem: 0.28; 1.91; 2.33 DDD/100 bed-days, respectively), glycopeptides (vancomycin: 0.14; 1.09, 1.53 DDD/100 bed-days, respectively), cephalosporins (ceftriaxone: 6.69; 14.7; 13.9 DDD/100 bed-days, respectively) and polymyxins (colistin: 0.04; 0.25; 0.35 DDD/100 bed-days, respectively). Consumption of azithromycin increased drastically in 2020, and dropped significantly in 2021 (0.48; 5.61; 0.93 DDD/100 bed-days). In outpatient setting, an increase in the consumption of oral forms of azithromycin, levofloxacin and cefixime, as well as parenteral forms of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone, was recorded. In 2021, antimicrobial resistance to reserve antibiotics in hospital setting was as follows: Acinetobacter baumanii to meropenem 66.05%, Klebsiella spp to ceftriaxone 67.14%, Pseudomonas to meropenem 25.7%. 
Recent COVID-19 pandemic was associated with increased antibiotic consumption in inpatient and outpatient settings, with characteristic change of pattern of azithromycin consumption. Also, high levels of antimicrobial resistance to reserve antibiotics were registered in hospital setting with low prevalence of identified pathogen-directed antimicrobial prescription. Strategies toward combat antimicrobial resistance in the Doboj region are urgently needed.