AUTHOR=Jelovac Marina , Pavlovic Djordje , Stankovic Biljana , Kotur Nikola , Ristivojevic Bojan , Pavlovic Sonja , Zukic Branka 

TITLE=Comprehensive pharmacogenomics profiling of the Serbian population

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pharmacology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1553536

DOI=10.3389/fphar.2025.1553536

ISSN=1663-9812

ABSTRACT=BackgroundPharmacogenomics offers a possibility of anticipating drug response based on individuals’ genetic profiles and represents a step toward implementation of personalized treatment through routine genetic testing. Development of highthroughput sequencing technologies aided identification and interpretation of variants in many pharmacogenes simultaneously. Nonetheless, the integration of pharmacogenomics into clinical practice is arduous, partly due to insufficient knowledge of ethnic pharmacogenetic data. The aim of our study was to assemble the most comprehensive pharmacogenomics landscape of the Serbian population so far.MethodsWe used genomic data of 881 individuals from Serbia obtained by clinical and whole exome sequencing. Raw sequencing files were processed using an in-house pipeline for alignment and variant calling. For annotation of pharmacogenetics star alleles and determination of phenotypes, we used the PharmCAT and Stargazer tools. Star allele and phenotype frequencies were calculated and compared to worldwide and European populations. Population differentiation was presented through calculation of Wright’s fixation index.ResultsOur results showed that population differentiation was the highest between the Serbian and the worldwide population. In the Serbian population, the most relevant pharmacogenes in terms of star allele frequencies and actionable phenotypes were CYP2B6, NAT2, SLCO1B1, UGT1A1 and VKORC1, that had significantly different distribution compared to other European populations.ConclusionIn conclusion, significant differences in frequencies of pharmacogenetic phenotypes that influence response to several drug categories including statins and antidepressants indicate that inclusion of data relevant for drug response to genetic reports would be beneficial in the Serbian population. Implementation of pharmacogenetic testing could be achieved through analysis of clinical and whole exome sequencing data.