AUTHOR=Budak Maral , Moraes Mariana Pereira , Greenstein Talia , Maiello Pauline , Borish H. Jacob , Chishti Harris B. , Kracinovsky Kara , Rodgers Mark , Tomko Jaime , Lin Philana Ling , Flynn JoAnne L. , Aldridge Bree B. , Kirschner Denise 

TITLE=GEODE: an in silico tool that translates in vitro to in vivo predictions of tuberculosis antibiotic combination efficacy

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Pharmacology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1639673

DOI=10.3389/fphar.2025.1639673

ISSN=1663-9812

ABSTRACT=IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) remains the primary cause of death due to infectious disease in the world. TB, while treatable, requires an extended course of multiple antibiotics, taking 6–9 months, and many antibiotic regimens have deleterious side effects. Treatment is complicated by co-infection, emerging drug resistance, and compliance issues; accordingly, the identification of new and optimal regimens has been a recent focus. Rodent models of TB (e.g., mouse, rabbit) do not mimic some severe pathologies well, while nonhuman primate models are costly. Several computational and in vitro tools have been developed to explore drug regimen design and efficacy for TB, each providing insight into human disease dynamics.MethodsHere we briefly review existing tools and introduce a novel, integrated approach combining in vitro predictions of drug pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug-drug interactions with a granuloma-scale computational model (GranSim). Our method captures in vivo dynamics to test how well systematic in vitro data predict granuloma-scale outcomes such as CFU burden and sterilization time. To evaluate in vitro measurements under various growth conditions and to compare to clinical and experimental datasets, we simulated five well-known regimens in our pipeline: HRZM, BPaMZ, RMZE, BPaL and HRZE.ResultsWe find that in vitro measurements of antibiotic regimen pharmacodynamics under specific growth conditions can be used to simulate virtual granulomas consistent with low-burden human and primate granulomas.DiscussionThis work provides a novel tool that can be used to quickly and efficiently evaluate drug regimens for TB.