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        <title>Frontiers in Physics | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physics</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Physics | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-09-15T07:42:44.353+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1840090</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1840090</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Unified versus differentiated supervision in vulnerability disclosure platforms: an evolutionary game analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Liurong Zhao</author><author>Lin Nie</author><author>Mengyu Sun</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Vulnerability disclosure platforms have become important intermediaries in cybersecurity governance, where governments and platforms interact under conditions of information asymmetry, heterogeneous incentives, and dynamic strategic adaptation. A central question is whether such platforms should be governed through unified supervision or through differentiated supervision. To address this question, we develop an evolutionary game model between the government and the platform and use numerical simulation to compare the collective dynamics generated by alternative supervisory regimes. The results show that unified supervision tends to produce cyclical instability, whereas differentiated supervision is more likely to generate convergence toward a stable evolutionary equilibrium. The analysis further indicates that governance stability depends on the combined effects of supervision cost, reputational feedback, supervisory capability, and reward–punishment mechanisms. These findings suggest that vulnerability disclosure governance should be understood as a dynamic multi-agent system rather than a static regulatory arrangement. More broadly, this study contributes to the theoretical understanding of vulnerability disclosure platform governance and provides a new analytical perspective for the design of differentiated supervision mechanisms and collaborative platform governance.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1874903</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1874903</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Mechanical behaviour and SEM-based microstructural interpretation of Grewia optiva fiber-reinforced expansive soil]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Vidya Sagar Khanduri</author><author>Anoop Bhardwaj</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionExpansive black cotton (BC) soils exhibit poor strength and significant volumetric instability, creating challenges for infrastructure development. This study evaluated Bhimal (Grewia optiva) natural fiber as a sustainable discrete reinforcement for improving the geotechnical response of BC soil.MethodsFiber contents of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25% and fiber lengths of 15, 20 and 25 mm were investigated using Modified Proctor, direct shear and unconfined compression tests. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis were used to evaluate the effects of fiber content and length, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided qualitative support for soil–fiber interaction mechanisms.ResultsThe selected optimum configuration, M13 (0.50% fiber, 25 mm), increased maximum dry density from 1.53 to 1.69 g/cm3 (10.46%) and optimum moisture content from 11.00 to 15.50% (40.91%). UCS increased from 55.6 to 68.0 kPa (22.30%) and cohesion from 51.0 to 60.5 kPa (18.63%). ANOVA showed significant effects of fiber parameters, with fiber length exerting the stronger influence. SEM observations provided localized qualitative evidence of soil–fiber interlocking, particle attachment, crack bridging and pull-out mechanisms.DiscussionThe classical UCS ≈ 2c relationship showed weak agreement with the reinforced-soil data (R2 = 0.088), indicating that this simplified cohesive-soil correlation is not directly applicable to Bhimal fiber-reinforced expansive soil. The results support Bhimal fiber as a promising sustainable reinforcement while highlighting the need to account for altered stress-transfer and failure mechanisms in fiber-reinforced soils.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1920313</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1920313</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Few-frame depth image reconstruction algorithm for GM-APD LiDAR based on three-dimensional spatiotemporal kernel density estimation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Rongxing Guo</author><author>Xiaolong Hu</author><author>Zhongliang Deng</author><author>Zhaoqing Shi</author><author>Chenfei Xie</author><author>Pengge Ma</author><author>Dongfang Guo</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Echo data acquired by Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (GM-APD) LiDAR under conditions of limited frame accumulation and low signal-to-background ratio (SBR) exhibit severe sparsity and discreteness, making it difficult for conventional one-dimensional histogram-based methods to accurately retrieve target depth. To address this issue, this paper proposes a depth image reconstruction algorithm based on three-dimensional spatiotemporal kernel density estimation (3D-STKDE). The proposed method extends the conventional one-dimensional temporal processing to the three-dimensional spatiotemporal domain. First, a spatiotemporal correlation weighted preprocessing mechanism is introduced to suppress background noise, and constructs spatially and temporally separated 3D Gaussian kernels to perform spatiotemporal smoothing of photon events, thereby extracting continuous probability density distributions. On this basis, density-weighted centroid calculation is applied to mitigate the asymmetric ranging errors caused by the detector dead-time mechanism, and spatial interpolation is adopted to repair depth holes. Both simulation and field experiments validate the depth extraction capability of the proposed algorithm under strong background noise and sparse data. In a field scenario with an average SBR of approximately 0.0311 and an effective accumulation of 100 frames, the proposed algorithm achieves a Target Recovery (TR) of 82.92% and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 1.24 m. Compared with the SPIRAL algorithm, the TR is improved by 22.76%, and the MAE is reduced by 0.39 m. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm effectively improves reconstruction integrity and ranging accuracy under low-SBR and few-frame (e.g., ≤100 frames) accumulation conditions, providing a feasible depth extraction solution for single-photon 3D imaging in complex environments.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1933301</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1933301</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Orbital angular momentum multiplexed photonic crystal multimode fiber–free-space optics link under fog-induced attenuation: design and performance analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Harmanpreet Kaur</author><author>Ajay Vasishth</author><author>Somia A. Abd El-Mottaleb</author><author>Hassan Yousif Ahmed</author><author>Sami Mourou</author><author>Medien Zeghid</author>
        <description><![CDATA[In this work, we propose the design and performance analysis of an orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexed hybrid multimode fiber (MMF)-free space optical (FSO) link with an aggregate data rate of 80 Gbps. The guided-wave segment is realized using a specially designed photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with a P2O5-doped annular ring core. The PCF is optimized using the finite element method (FEM) in MATLAB to support the simultaneous propagation of the four Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes LG00, LG20, LG40, and LG60 with low confinement loss, high mode purity (∼0.967), and appropriate effective refractive index separation. An OptiSystem-based link model which includes a realistic Kim-model FSO channel is used for importing the optimized PCF parameters. The performance of the system is tested for four weather conditions: clear sky, light fog, medium fog and heavy fog. For each of the four LG channels, a plot of the Q-factor and log (BER) versus the FSO range is made with thresholds of Q ≥ 4 dB (BER ≤10−4). The simulated FSO link range reaches 7 km when the sky conditions are clear, while it is restricted to a range of 1,400 m, 925 m and 750 m in light fog, medium fog and heavy fog, respectively, corresponding to a reduction of about 78%, 86%, and 89% compared to clear-sky conditions. Eye diagrams support the quantitive performance metrics. Channel 1 (LG00) always shows the most graceful degradation, and inter-channel Q-factor spread stays between 0.3–0.4 dB in all weather conditions, demonstrating that there is no dominance of inter-modal crosstalk compared to Mie scattering in foggy weather. The results offer deployment guidelines for OAM multiplexed hybrid fiber–FSO system in foggy environment quantitatively.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1909399</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1909399</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Four-beam OAM-based unipotent single-entry code for high-capacity 40× 16 Gbps FSO links]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Syed Mohammad Ammar</author><author>Hassan Yousif Ahmed</author><author>Syed Alwee Aljunid</author><author>Medien Zeghid</author><author>Sami Mourou</author><author>Norshamsuri Ali</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This paper introduces a novel free space optics (FSO) communication system for future high-speed optical communication networks. The proposed system integrates orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes with an optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technique. Four OAM beams are utilized LG0,0, LG0,20, LG0,40, LG0,60, each used to transmit four independent channels. A newly developed Unipotent Single Entry (USE) code is assigned to each channel carrying information at high data rates. The proposed system uses several wavelengths to transmit 40 Gbps data on four distinct OAM beams simultaneously. System performance is evaluated by varying FSO ranges by considering extreme climate changes such as rain and fog. Results demonstrate that the proposed system outperforms existing multiple-access schemes in terms of bit error rate (BER) and transmission distance. The system can transmit up to 1700 m under clear weather with a minimum transmission distance of 380 m under dense fog. The USE code also supports more users as code weight increases while improving autocorrelation properties. By using four OAM beams, the capacity gained with the USE code is increased by a factor of 300%.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2025.1666957</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2025.1666957</link>
        <title><![CDATA[An efficient methodology to explore dynamical system configurations with the significance of coherent–chaotic peculiarities]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ghulam Bary</author><author>Waqar Ahmed</author><author>Riaz Ahmad</author><author>Shao Juxiang</author><author>Duohui Huang</author><author>Wei Sin Koh</author><author>Ilyas Khan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This article presents the characteristics of dynamical systems with nonlinear dynamics under the influence of condensation through various correlations and contributions, considering the spreading of coherence with the domination of droplet multiplicities. The system stability probes the hidden dynamics through analytical investigation of distinct complex dynamical phenomena, and the methodologies considered explore the coherent components that suppress the chaotic parameters corresponding to the conglomerate regimes at various momentum domains. These techniques demonstrate the system’s robustness, incorporating higher-order Bose–Einstein interference with chaos theory. Certain parameters show the significance of the pattern formation, and the mathematical findings explore the quantitative data to illustrate the conformation among multiplicities under consistent interphase during the evolution of disseminated systems. The evolving transition comprises partial chaos emanations with coherent, prodigious droplets, which are described by the explicit transformation. The analysis reveals the consequences of quantum interference with chaotic parameters at different energies and temperatures. We study the geometrical aspects of the size ratio, which has a significant role in data analysis. The present research uses the intercepts to evaluate the asymptotic properties, examine the intrinsic singularities of the system structures, and analyze the dynamics of coherent droplets. This study provides a detailed benchmark of hybrid chaotic mechanism sustainability practices and highlights how leading technologies are integrating and communicating in an era of growing scientific applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1927525</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1927525</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Quantitative evaluation of mine structural complexity based on GIS-AHP-independence weight coefficient method: a case study of Guobei Coal Mine]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Baolei Xie</author><author>Haiyue Lin</author><author>Guanyu Zhao</author><author>Ru Hu</author><author>Herong Gui</author><author>Yan Guo</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Mine geological structures are the core elements controlling safe coal production and serve as the primary conduits inducing groundwater inrush accidents. To address the issues of incomplete evaluation indicators and single weighting methods in assessing mine structural complexity, this study takes Guobei Coal Mine as the research object and constructs a quantitative evaluation model for mine structural complexity based on the coupling of GIS, AHP, and the Independence Weight Coefficient Method. Four core indicators were selected: fault density, fault intensity, fracture fractal dimension, and fold planar deformation coefficient. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to determine subjective weights, while the Independence Weight Coefficient Method was used to determine objective weights, and the multiplicative synthesis normalization method was applied to achieve the fusion of subjective and objective weights. Spatial quantitative analysis and thematic map overlay were completed using ArcGIS, dividing the study area into four levels of structural complexity zones. The results indicate that: (1) fault intensity exerts the greatest influence on structural complexity (comprehensive weight of 0.4212), followed by the fold planar deformation coefficient (0.2894) and fracture fractal dimension (0.2516); (2) the structurally complex zones and relatively complex zones exhibit three concentrated distributions, located in the northeastern, central, and southern regions of the mine, respectively, the structurally complex and relatively complex zones accounting for 15.8% and 24.3% of the total mine area, respectively; (3) specifically in the Mining Areas 84 and 85, the structurally complex and relatively complex zones account for 21.1% and 41.0% of their respective district areas. Groundwater inrush points in the mining area are predominantly distributed within or adjacent to the structurally complex and relatively complex zones, with particular attention required for water inrush threats from roof fracture zones and fault intersections. The research findings accurately characterize the spatial differentiation of structural complexity in Guobei Coal Mine, providing targeted objectives and scientific geological basis for mine water hazard prevention and control. Simultaneously, the study offers methodological references for quantitative evaluation of structural complexity in mines with similar geological conditions, thereby enriching the theoretical and methodological framework of quantitative mine structural evaluation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1849257</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1849257</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A post-quantum privacy-preserving multimodal biometric authentication framework integrating ML-KEM (Kyber) and fully homomorphic encryption]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Akinlemi Olushola</author><author>S. P. Meenakshi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionLarge-scale quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical public-key cryptography, as Shor’s algorithm can break widely used schemes such as RSA and elliptic curve cryptography, while Grover’s algorithm reduces the effective security of symmetric key systems. In parallel, deepfake-based spoofing attacks present serious challenges to unimodal biometric authentication. However, existing solutions often address post-quantum security, privacy preservation, and multimodal biometric fusion separately.MethodsThis paper proposes a unified post-quantum, privacy-preserving multimodal biometric authentication framework that integrates ML-KEM (Kyber-1024), a lattice-based post-quantum key encapsulation mechanism, with Cheon–Kim–Kim–Song (CKKS)-based fully homomorphic encryption for secure encrypted-domain biometric matching. Multimodal biometric features (face, iris, and fingerprint) are fused and optimized using a genetic algorithm-based feature selection mechanism, while similarity computation is performed directly on encrypted biometric representations. The proposed framework ensures that biometric templates remain protected during both storage and processing, while secure session keys are established using quantum-resistant mechanisms over authenticated communication channels.ResultsExperimental evaluation using public PolyU biometric datasets demonstrated no observed false acceptances across 250,000 impostor authentication trials, corresponding to a low empirical False Acceptance Rate upper bound under 95% confidence estimation, alongside low false rejection rates and scalability for up to 5,000 users. By leveraging SIMD batching and parallelized encrypted processing, the framework achieved amortized end-to-end authentication latency of approximately 65–75 ms per query under optimized batched execution while maintaining robustness under biometric noise perturbations of up to 2% without significant performance degradation.DiscussionAlthough fully homomorphic encryption introduces additional computational overhead, the proposed framework achieves a practical balance between strong privacy guarantees and operational efficiency. Overall, this study presents a unified architecture for quantum-resilient and privacy-preserving biometric authentication capable of addressing both cryptographic and AI-driven threats in modern security environments.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1950644</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1950644</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Two-dimensional dynamic correlation feature enhancement and exceedance discrimination of near-infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectra for nitrogen-containing farmland leachate]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Chenxi Li</author><author>Siheng Lu</author><author>Yize Zhang</author><author>Dongjie Zhao</author><author>Si Yang</author><author>Rong Liu</author><author>Wenliang Chen</author><author>Jia Zhai</author>
        <description><![CDATA[To address the difficulty in rapidly and accurately identifying excessive nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in nitrogen-containing farmland leachate against the complex background of soil leachate, near-infrared (NIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectra were acquired, and a nitrogen exceedance discrimination method based on two-trace two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2T2D-COS) and N-way partial least squares discriminant analysis (NPLS-DA) was developed. The results showed that 2T2D-COS effectively revealed weak spectral features and their dynamic variation relationships that were difficult to distinguish in one-dimensional spectra of complex systems. For nitrate nitrogen, synchronous spectra achieved better modeling performance for both NIR and UV-Vis data, with test accuracies of 94.55% and 88.46%, respectively. For ammonium nitrogen, asynchronous spectra performed slightly better in NIR, whereas synchronous spectra still performed better in UV-Vis, with both test accuracies reaching 87.50%. Overall, NIR spectroscopy showed better stability and greater robustness to background interference than UV-Vis. These results provide a new methodological reference for the rapid exceedance discrimination of nitrogen-containing farmland leachate.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1900677</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1900677</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A resilient hybrid FSO/SMF ring network with carrier-less nodes for high-speed internet of underwater things]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jawad Mirza</author><author>Salman Ghafoor</author><author>Ahmad Atieh</author><author>Benish Kanwal</author><author>Firdos Kanwal</author><author>Muhammad Ijaz</author><author>Ahmad Almogren</author>
        <description><![CDATA[A key challenge in free space optics/underwater wireless optical communication (FSO/UWOC) hybrid systems is maintaining the adequate power budget and signal to noise ratio (SNR), which necessitates wavelength translation (WT) between visible and infrared spectra at the water-air interface, thus increasing both the cost and complexity. In this work, we propose and simulate a hybrid free space optics/single-mode fiber (FSO/SMF) ring network supporting simultaneous downstream (DS) and upstream (US) transmissions to multiple terrestrial and underwater nodes without requiring local optical sources and WT scheme. The proposed architecture employs differential phase shift keying modulation for downstream channels to enhance turbulence tolerance and reuses the same optical carriers for US on-off keying channels through a dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator (DD-MZM) and sinusoidal radio frequency source based pulse carving scheme. The performance of the DS and US channels is analyzed using Bit-error rate (BER) results obtained for different values of refractive index structure parameter (Cn2) and atmospheric attenuation coefficient (αatm) using Gamma-Gamma channel model. Simulation results clearly show that forward-error correction target Bit-error rate of 3.8×10−3 is achieved both for DS and US channels under different turbulence strengths and weather conditions. Node survivability and link inflation analysis are performed for different scenarios. These findings reflect that the proposed ring topology based hybrid FSO/SMF system is flexible and resilient to the adverse channel effects, making it a promising solution for high-speed, long-range future Internet of underwater things (IoUTs) applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1919249</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1919249</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Collapse dynamics of structured optical field in Kerr medium with chirality modulation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yongjie Luo</author><author>Cai-Xia Liu</author><author>Qinglai Yan</author><author>Xiao-Bo Hu</author><author>Jie Zhao</author><author>Yao Tang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionBased on the two-dimensional coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation, we systematically investigate the collapse dynamics of vector optical fields (VOFs) in a chiral-Kerr medium, where chirality is induced by the unequal refractive indices of left- and right-circularly polarized components.MethodsThe critical power for VOF collapse is derived analytically using the moment method.Results and DiscussionNumerical simulations reveal that the number, locations, propagation distances, and profiles of collapse events are determined by the real and imaginary parts of the chiral refractive indices, the initial power, and the polarization topological charge m. In an achiral Kerr medium, collapse occurs symmetrically. Circular birefringence (CB), i.e., a difference in the real parts of the refractive indices, induces rotation of the state of polarization (SoP) while preserving symmetric collapse positions about the coordinate axes. For a locally linearly polarized VOF, the number of collapse points equals 4×⌈m/2⌉. For a hybrid polarized VOF under CB, the beam differentiates into 4m collapse points. In contrast, circular dichroism (CD), arising from a disparity in the imaginary parts, triggers linear-to-elliptical/circular polarization conversion and shifts the collapse positions, with the rotation direction dictated by the relative magnitudes of n+ and n−. Under low and high initial powers, the hybrid polarized VOF ultimately splits into 2m beamlets concentrated at regions of dominant handedness under CD. The rotation angle of the collapse positions with respect to the Y-axis is π/(4m). These findings establish chiral-Kerr media as a promising platform for controlling vector field collapse and polarization dynamics, with potential applications in chiral sensing, nonlinear optics, and structured light manipulation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1874615</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1874615</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Biomass-based N-TiO2 composites for polyvinylchloride nano plastic photodegradation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Kuljit Kaur</author><author>Harpreet Kaur</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Plastic pollution of the environment and water is a persistent global concern. Microplastic contamination has impacted aquatic environments, demanding the development of efficient remediation techniques to address this issue. In this work, N-TiO2–supported corncob activated (ZnCl2) carbon (CCAC/N-TiO2) composites (CT13) (CT11), and (CT31) were synthesized through a simple wet-impregnation approach. The prepared composite materials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (Scanning electron microscopy), EDS (Electron dispersive spectroscopy), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) techniques. Tauc’s method was applied to evaluate the optical band gap, and the results indicated that the composite material’s spectral response extended into the visible-light region, accompanied by a significant reduction in band gap energy. The removal performance of the CCAC/N-TiO2 composites toward PVC-NPs was systematically evaluated under different pH conditions (4, 7, and 10), varying contact times, and various light conditions. CT13 composite demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving a 94% degradation efficiency after 180 min of exposure to tungsten light. The removal of PVC-NPs was determined to occur via a photocatalytic pathway and was confirmed by quenching experiments. Additionally, SEM, FTIR, DLS, and fluorescence microscopy verified the presence of PVC-NPs on the composite surfaces under both dark and light conditions. The major photodegradation products were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The addition of CCAC to N-TiO2 significantly improved its ability to remove PVC-NPs. This is because the CCAC addition increased the number of active sites for adsorption. The CT13 composite’s surface attracts and captures the PVC-NPs through a variety of interactions, including hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic attractions, π-π interactions, halogen bonding, and hydrogen bonding. This strong adsorption increases the number of available reaction sites, which in turn boosts the photocatalytic removal of the PVC-NPs. This study sheds light on the use of biomass-derived materials for water purification, providing a long-term solution to pollution and agricultural waste issues.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1864732</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1864732</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Scaling of 3D printed microstructured targets in the multi-ps, quasi-relativistic regime for high-flux laser-driven ion acceleration]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>R. Simpson</author><author>E. Grace</author><author>A. J. Kemp</author><author>J. Luoma</author><author>N. Lemos</author><author>A. Haid</author><author>D. Mariscal</author><author>J. Gama</author><author>S. Faubel</author><author>J. Sicard</author><author>S. Tochitsky</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Laser-driven ion acceleration has emerged as a promising technique for producing high-flux, energetic proton beams for applications in high-energy-density science, radiography, and inertial fusion energy concepts like ion fast ignition. Recent advances in target fabrication, notably the use of 3D-printed microstructured arrays with graded density profiles, have demonstrated significant improvements in proton energy and conversion efficiency compared to conventional flat foils, particularly in the highly relativistic laser regime. In this work, we present a detailed experimental scaling study of laser-driven ion acceleration using log-pile microstructured targets in the quasi-relativistic, multi-picosecond regime. Experiments were conducted at the OMEGA-EP facility, utilizing short-pulse laser beams with energies up to 1250 J, pulse durations ranging from 0.6 to 10 ps, and focal spot sizes from 14 to 50 μm, corresponding to normalized vector potentials a0 from approximately 0.7–9.2. Target parameters, including micro-wire diameter (0.5-1 μm) and total thickness (10-50 μm), were systematically varied. Proton spectra and beam profiles were characterized using radiochromic film stacks, while electron spectra were measured with a magnetic spectrometer. Our results show that ion performance metrics such as the maximum proton energy and conversion efficiency scale strongly with target parameters including the target average density. These findings provide important scaling relationships for optimizing target design and laser parameters in future high-flux, laser-driven ion acceleration experiments.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1877279</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1877279</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Adaptive large-kernel convolutional network with gaussian-modulated spatial calibration for tyre quality assessment]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shanjiang Zhang</author><author>Renjing Liu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionAutomated tyre defect classification is critical for ensuring vehicle safety and manufacturing quality in the automotive industry. Although deep learning has made significant strides in industrial visual inspection, existing convolutional networks struggle to simultaneously capture fine-grained local defect patterns and long-range contextual dependencies in tyre surface images.MethodsTo address this limitation, we propose UniConvNet, an adaptive large-kernel convolutional network that integrates the OverLoCK Context-Mixing Dynamic Convolution (ContMix) with a novel Gaussian-modulated spatial calibration mechanism. The proposed architecture progressively expands the receptive field through a dual-branch design: a multi-scale channel split branch extracts hierarchical local features, while an OverLoCK ContMix dynamic kernel branch adaptively models long-range dependencies. A Gaussian Distribution Modulation module enhances feature robustness against illumination variations, followed by Spatial Feature Calibration to suppress background clutter. Furthermore, a Progressive Large Kernel Regulation strategy 9×9→11×11 balances local detail preservation with global context aggregation. Multi-scale feature fusion aligns and compresses multi-stage outputs for the final classification head.ResultsExtensive experiments on the TyreNet dataset (1,698 images) and a public Roboflow tyre defect dataset (3,069 images) demonstrate that the proposed method achieves 96.45% classification accuracy on TyreNet with only 4.2 GFLOPs and 31.4 M parameters, outperforming ResNet-50, ConvNeXt-T, and OverLoCK-T while maintaining competitive efficiency.DiscussionCross-dataset validation confirms strong generalization, highlighting the practical applicability of the proposed approach for industrial deployment.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1880264</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1880264</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Cultural conformity reverses the effectiveness of trust-based management: an Ising-inspired model of the Care-Dare dilemma]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shosuke Inoue</author><author>Kaira Sekiguchi</author><author>Yukio Ohsawa</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates whether a two-phase management strategy—investing in trust before demanding performance—can outperform static policies, and under what cultural conditions this approach succeeds or fails. We develop an agent-based model inspired by the Ising framework to formalize the Care-Dare dilemma in organizational trust dynamics: agents in a well-mixed population interact through trust-building “Care” actions and growth-demanding “Dare” actions, with behavioral tendencies updated via an action-feedback update rule. Unlike the standard Ising model, agents adapt their behavioral tendencies based on the care and dare actions they receive from others, reflecting the social constraint that individuals observe behavior but not latent dispositions. We systematically compare static policies, trust-based dynamic strategies, and fixed-timing controls under individualistic (J = 0) and collectivistic (J = 10) cultural contexts (n = 30 replications per condition). Three principal findings emerge. First, the two-phase Care→Dare structure is the primary driver of performance gains: switching from Care-emphasis to strong Dare intervention (H = −0.5) at 40%–50% of the simulation horizon yields 27%–35% higher cumulative performance than the best static policy (Welch p < 10-4), with performance peaking at this ratio and declining sharply for longer Care phases. Second, trust-based switching provides a state-dependent heuristic that, while switching earlier than optimal (∼20% of the horizon vs. the optimal 40%–50%), still outperforms the best static policy by approximately 25% (300,278 ± 1,511 vs. 239,487 ± 831; Welch p < 10-34) and safely avoids the catastrophic late-switching regime—demonstrating practical value through robustness rather than optimality. Third, cultural conformity creates a sharp regime crossover in a narrow window, J ∈ (1.25, 1.5): moderate conformity (J = 0.5–1.0) amplifies the two-phase strategy’s advantage by 14%, while stronger conformity (J ≥ 1.5) catastrophically reverses it, trapping the organization in an irreversible low-performance state. We connect these findings to the Emotional Bank Account metaphor and discuss implications for management in individualistic and collectivistic organizational cultures.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1924829</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1924829</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Capturing full-process creep in cemented backfill: a modified generalized Kelvin model with fractional derivative and hardening function]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yiying Feng</author><author>Yiming Wang</author><author>Dongxing Fu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Understanding time-dependent deformation in cemented backfill is critical for green mining stability. This study proposes a fractional-order creep constitutive model that couples hardening and damage effects across the full creep process. A hardening function is introduced into the deformation modulus, while a Caputo fractional dashpot is integrated into a modified generalized Kelvin framework. This enables the model to capture both decelerating and accelerating creep phases. Numerical simulations show that low stress levels induce hardening-dominated creep with decreasing rates, whereas high stress levels trigger damage-driven acceleration and eventual failure. Validation against experimental data under three stress levels shows excellent agreement. Comparative analysis demonstrates clear advantages over classical fractional Nishihara models in describing accelerated creep. Parameter sensitivity analysis confirms model robustness and clarifies the distinct roles of fractional order and hardening factors. Overall, this work offers a reliable theoretical tool for predicting creep and assessing long-term stability in cemented backfill structures, with meaningful implications for sustainable mining engineering.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1935538</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1935538</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Toward energy-efficient cold plasma sources: antenna-geometry effects in low-pressure argon inductively coupled plasmas]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-31T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Mahmood Nasser</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Antenna geometry strongly influences electromagnetic-field distribution, mode transition, and plasma-density formation in low-pressure inductively coupled plasma (ICP) sources. This study compares three external antenna configurations in the same 13.56 MHz, 3.0 mTorr argon plasma system: a helical-type antenna, a planar spiral antenna, and a combined spiral–helical antenna. The comparison is based on spatially resolved measurements of plasma density, RF plasma-potential oscillation, and RF magnetic-field components. The helical-type antenna produced a gradual density increase and a source-localized plasma, whereas the planar spiral antenna showed a clearer abrupt transition from a capacitively influenced low-density state to a higher-density inductive state. The combined spiral–helical antenna gave the strongest overall experimental response, producing the highest measured plasma-density values, the best density uniformity among the three configurations, the broadest useful high-density region, and strong suppression of RF plasma-potential oscillation in the high-density regime. The experimental magnetic-field measurements showed that the combined antenna produced a hybrid electromagnetic structure, with a hill-shaped axial RF magnetic-field profile and an off-axis radial-field structure. To support the interpretation, a verified three-dimensional vacuum-field Biot–Savart benchmark was developed under equal-current conditions. The benchmark is used only as a geometry-controlled field comparison and does not include plasma loading, dielectric boundaries, chamber currents, antenna-current variation, capacitive coupling, or self-consistent particle balance. The combined experimental and numerical results show that RF magnetic-field structure and plasma-density distribution are related but not identical, because density formation also depends on induced electric field, plasma-current density, ionization, transport, and wall losses. The work provides guidance for optimizing antenna geometry in controllable, energy-efficient, low-pressure cold plasma sources. This study should be read as a geometry-comparison case study: energy-efficiency gains are inferred from higher plasma density at equal applied RF generator power, not from direct absorbed-power measurements, and the combined-antenna geometry and 3.0 mTorr operating pressure investigated here represent a single tested case rather than a generally optimized design.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1849759</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1849759</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Hot electron model for ion emission (Hermione): an effective model for target normal sheath acceleration ion spectra from femtosecond to picosecond lasers]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-31T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>C. L. C. Lacoste</author><author>N. Iwata</author><author>M. Bardon</author><author>E. D’Humières</author><author>Y. Sentoku</author><author>P. Antici</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Recent advances in high-power lasers for secondary particle generation highlight the need for reliable and affordable particle sources. In laser-driven ion acceleration, the most routinely obtainable acceleration mechanism is the so-called Target Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA) mechanism. Predicting the characteristics of particle sources produced through this mechanism is essential for modeling experiments at existing and future laser facilities. In this work, we present a versatile and fast predictive model, Hermione, capable of reproducing proton spectra across several laser facilities, including the laser facilities PETAL, Apollon, LFEX, and ALLS. Our results show very good agreement with experimental data for laser pulses longer than 100 fs, while a slight overestimation of the proton yield is observed for shorter pulses (<100 fs). We also demonstrate the model’s ability to reproduce wavelength-dependent effects for lasers operating between 0.8 μm and 2 μm. Hermione delivers results on very short timescales (less than 1 minute on a standard laptop), making it an efficient complementary tool to more complex and computationally demanding Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations. This enables rapid optimization of the TNSA acceleration regime by varying laser energy, pulse duration, and focal spot size. The code is open access, allowing the community to refine and adapt it to specific applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1853069</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1853069</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Intergroup violence in bursts]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-31T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jeroen Bruggeman</author><author>Don Weenink</author><author>Bram Mak</author>
        <description><![CDATA[During intergroup confrontations, agitating stimuli such as opponents’ threats and provocations can trigger collective violence, even without the usual mechanisms of ingroup cooperation, such as norms with sanctions. We examine video recordings of street fights between groups of young men. Their violence sometimes breaks out in a burst, wherein a majority of participants starts fighting almost simultaneously. At other times, only few group members participate and it takes them more time to do so. This difference in commencing collective violence can be understood by perceiving it as a collective action dilemma. We adapt an Ising model to show that the proportion of group members who cannot or do not want to contribute to the public good—victory over opponents—predicts whether violence takes the form of a burst or not.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1870780</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2026.1870780</link>
        <title><![CDATA[First-principles investigation of YXMnH6 (X = Hg, Zn) complex hydrides: structural, electronic, optical, mechanical, and thermodynamic insights for H2 storage efficiency]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-28T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Doha Shtaiwi</author><author>Mohammed Abu-Jafar</author><author>Asif Hosen</author><author>Hasan Masri</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This paper explores the structural, electronic, mechanical, optical, and thermodynamic characteristics of complex hydrides YXMnH6 (X = Hg, Zn) to be used in hydrogen storage. The investigation is carried out through first principles calculations. Both compounds are dynamically and thermally stable, as indicated by the lack of negative frequencies in phonon dispersion calculations as well as being confirmed by AIMD simulations at room temperature with minimal fluctuations and no structural degradation. Electronic property-based YHgMnH6 and YZnMnH6 compounds exhibit semiconducting behavior, with indirect band gaps of 1.445 eV using PBE-GGA (1.826 eV using mBJ-GGA), and 1.555 eV using PBE-GGA (2.548 eV using mBJ-GGA), respectively. Its structural features indicate that YHgMnH6 is characterized by the largest lattice constant (6.8623 Å) as compared to YZnMnH6 (6.6506 Å), as mercury has a higher atomic radius than zinc. According to the Born stability criterion, both compounds are verified to be mechanically stable. 1t is also shown that YZnMnH6 has a high Young’s modulus and is appropriate for uses requiring hardness and resistance to deformation. Common optical property analysis indicates strong optical response of the ultraviolet region on both compounds; thus, they are good candidates in photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications. The hydrogen storage contents are estimated at 1.73 wt% of YHgMnH6 and 2.81 wt% of YZnMnH6. In general, these findings suggest that YXMnH6 (X = Hg, Zn) complex hydrides are versatile substances and have the potential to be used in hydrogen storage systems and clean technologies. Further research will be in the field of experimental establishment of YXMnH6 (X = Hg, Zn) in order to verify existing results and further study its energy applications.]]></description>
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