AUTHOR=La Rocca Daria , Wendt Herwig , van Wassenhove Virginie , Ciuciu Philippe , Abry Patrice 

TITLE=Revisiting Functional Connectivity for Infraslow Scale-Free Brain Dynamics Using Complex Wavelets

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physiology

VOLUME=Volume 11 - 2020

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2020.578537

DOI=10.3389/fphys.2020.578537

ISSN=1664-042X

ABSTRACT=The analysis of human brain functional networks is achieved by computing functional connectivity indices reflecting  phase coupling and interactions between remote brain regions. 
In magneto- and electroencephalography, the most often used functional connectivity indices
are constructed on Fourier-based cross spectral estimation applied to specific fast and band limited oscillatory regimes. 
Recently, infraslow arrhythmic fluctuations (below the 1Hz) were recognized as playing a leading role in spontaneous brain activity.
The present work aims to define fractal connectivity, extending the assessment of functional connectivity to  the infraslow arrhythmic or scale-free temporal dynamics of M/EEG-quantified brain activity.   
Instead of being based on Fourier analysis, new Imaginary Coherence and weighted Phase Lag indices are constructed from complex-wavelet representations. 
Their performance are, first, assessed on synthetic data, by means of Monte-Carlo simulations, and compared favorably against the classical Fourier-based indices. 
These new fractal connectivity indices are, second, applied to MEG data collected on 36 individuals, both at rest and during the learning of a visual motion discrimination task.
They demonstrate a higher statistical sensitivity, compared to their Fourier counterparts, in capturing significant and relevant functional interactions in the infraslow regime, and modulations form rest to task.
Notably, the consistent overall increase in fractal connectivity from rest to task, correlated with a change in temporal dynamics, as well as with improved performance in task completion, suggests that W-complex-wavelet weighted Phase Lag index is the sole index able to capture brain plasticity in the infraslow scale-free regime.