AUTHOR=Li Huihui , Chen Chen , Wang Dao Wen 

TITLE=Inflammatory Cytokines, Immune Cells, and Organ Interactions in Heart Failure

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physiology

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2021

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.695047

DOI=10.3389/fphys.2021.695047

ISSN=1664-042X

ABSTRACT=In spite of mounting evidence demonstrating the significance of inflammation in the pathophysiological mechanisms of heart failure (HF), most large clinical trials that targeting the inflammatory responses in HF yielded neutral or even worsening outcomes. Further in depth understanding about the roles of inflammation in the pathogenesis of HF is eagerly needed. This review summarizes cytokines, cardiac infiltrating immune cells and extra-cardiac organs that orchestrating the complex inflammatory responses in HF and highlights emerging therapeutic targets.