AUTHOR=Al-Adhaileh Mosleh Hmoud , Wadood Asim , Aldhyani Theyazn H. H. , Khan Safeer , Uddin M. Irfan , Al-Nefaie Abdullah H. 

TITLE=Deep learning techniques for detecting freezing of gait episodes in Parkinson’s disease using wearable sensors

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physiology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2025.1581699

DOI=10.3389/fphys.2025.1581699

ISSN=1664-042X

ABSTRACT=Freezing of Gait (FoG) is a disabling motor symptom that characterizes Parkinson’s Disease (PD) patients and significantly affects their mobility and quality of life. The paper presents a novel hybrid deep learning framework for the detection of FoG episodes using wearable sensors. The methodology combines CNNs for spatial feature extraction, BiLSTM networks for temporal modeling, and an attention mechanism to enhance interpretability and focus on critical gait features. The approach leverages multimodal datasets, including tDCS FOG, DeFOG, Daily Living, and Hantao’s Multimodal, to ensure robustness and generalizability. The proposed model deals with sensor noise, inter-subject variability, and data imbalance through comprehensive preprocessing techniques such as sensor fusion, normalization, and data augmentation. The proposed model achieved an average accuracy of 92.5%, F1-score of 89.3%, and AUC of 0.91, outperforming state-of-the-art methods. Post-training quantization and pruning enabled deployment on edge devices such as Raspberry Pi and Coral TPU, achieving inference latency under 350 ms. Ablation studies show the critical contribution of key architectural components to the model’s effectiveness. Optimized to be deployed real-time, it is a potentially promising solution that can help correctly detect FoG, thereby achieving better clinical monitoring and improving patients’ outcomes in a controlled as well as real world.