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        <title>Frontiers in Physiology | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Physiology | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
        <generator>Frontiers Feed Generator,version:1</generator>
        <pubDate>2026-10-05T10:23:56.394+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1823848</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1823848</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Heterologous contralateral repeated bout effect: eccentric knee extensor conditioning enhances neuromuscular fatigue resistance and attenuates muscle stiffness in contralateral elbow flexors in young women]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Chung-Chan Hsieh</author><author>Szu-Kai Fu</author><author>Yu-Lin Ning</author><author>Chin-Fang Wang</author><author>Che-Ming Liu</author><author>Chia-Hsien Yu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundThe repeated bout effect (RBE) protects skeletal muscles from exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). While homologous contralateral RBE is well-documented, the existence of heterologous RBE—specifically whether lower limb conditioning can protect upper limb muscles—remains debated.PurposeThis study investigated whether high-intensity eccentric exercise of the knee extensors attenuates eccentric exercise-induced neuromuscular fatigue and muscle stiffness and preserves neuromuscular control in the contralateral elbow flexors.MethodsTwenty-four sedentary young women were randomized into a Knee Extensor-Contralateral Elbow Flexor (KE-CEF) group and a Control Elbow Flexor (CEF) group. The KE-CEF group performed 60 maximal eccentric contractions (MaxEc) of the non-dominant knee extensors, followed 14 days later by 30 MaxEc of the dominant elbow flexors. The CEF group performed only the elbow flexor MaxEc. Outcome measures, including maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC), Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging, and the Joint Release Angle (JRA) test, were assessed up to 120 h post-exercise.ResultsThe KE-CEF group demonstrated significantly less MVC loss immediately post-exercise compared to the CEF group (70.00 ± 19.85% vs. 57.67 ± 8.28%; p = 0.029). Furthermore, prior lower limb conditioning significantly attenuated peak muscle stiffness at 48 h (ARFI: 108.25 ± 4.73% vs. 125.63 ± 6.99% in CEF) and entirely preserved JRA proprioceptive stability during peak fatigue (26.58 ± 0.78° vs. 24.75 ± 1.55°; between-group p = 0.001).ConclusionThese findings provide novel evidence that a single bout of lower limb eccentric exercise confers a robust heterologous protective effect on upper limb muscles, highlighting the role of global systemic and neural adaptations in cross-limb rehabilitation strategies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1775697</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1775697</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Fetal and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by maternal sleep-disordered breathing: a systematic review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Mayu Niisaka</author><author>Jun Hosomichi</author><author>Sakina Mitsuishi</author><author>Shiho Kino</author><author>Takashi Ono</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionMaternal obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the broader spectrum of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) during pregnancy may be associated with fetal and neonatal outcomes, but the literature is heterogeneous and uses clinically distinct exposure definitions. This systematic review aimed to evaluate associations between maternal SDB and fetal/neonatal outcomes while preserving differences in exposure ascertainment.MethodsFollowing PRISMA 2020, the review was re-audited using updated PubMed and Web of Science searches, backward and forward citation searching, and ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO ICTRP registry searches. Exposures were classified as (1) objectively confirmed OSA/SDB, (2) administrative-code-defined OSA, and (3) symptom-, snoring-, or questionnaire-defined SDB risk. No meta-analysis was conducted because clinically comparable subsets were insufficient for quantitative pooling.ResultsThe completed re-audit identified 64 eligible publications mapped to 53 conservative cohort/dataset families (55 if two probable overlap pairs are treated as separate): 22 objective/physiologic, 11 administrative/clinical, and 31 symptom/questionnaire publications. Objective studies showed mixed findings, with fetal-growth or neonatal signals in selected cohorts but null findings in several other objectively assessed populations. Administrative-code OSA was repeatedly associated with preterm birth and selected neonatal outcomes, although exposure misclassification and residual confounding remain important. Symptom/questionnaire studies were heterogeneous, with associations varying by symptom definition, timing, and outcome.ConclusionCurrent evidence does not establish a consistent fetal or neonatal risk pattern for objectively confirmed maternal OSA/SDB. Administrative-code and symptom/questionnaire evidence suggests associations for selected outcomes, particularly preterm birth, but should not be interpreted as a single homogeneous OSA effect.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD420251110706.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1915589</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1915589</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Bilateral lower-limb asymmetry and phase-specific trunk acceleration during the Timed Up and Go in older women: an analysis based on muscle morphology and antagonist coactivation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-02T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Danming Xu</author><author>Hongqin Xu</author><author>Xin Zhang</author><author>Ming Li</author><author>Xiangwei Meng</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test is widely used to assess mobility and fall risk in older adults, but total completion time does not capture phase-specific motor control. This study quantified bilateral lower-limb asymmetry in muscle morphology and neuromuscular control and examined its association with phase-specific trunk acceleration during the TUG. Twenty-seven healthy older women (78.96 ± 2.44 years) participated. Bilateral muscle thickness was measured by B-mode ultrasound, and bilateral surface electromyography and L4 trunk acceleration were recorded during a five-phase instrumented TUG. Mean and peak coactivation index (CCI) and asymmetry index (ASI) of the knee (QUAD-BF) and ankle (TA-MG) muscle pairs, together with anteroposterior and mediolateral trunk acceleration RMS (RMSAP, RMSML), were calculated. No significant group-level left–right differences in muscle thickness were detected, although ASI exceeded 15% for all four muscles. After FDR correction, significant bilateral differences were retained for mean CCIQUAD-BF during sit-to-stand (p< 0.001, q = 0.005), mean CCITA-MG during sit-to-stand (p = 0.001, q = 0.013) and peak CCIQUAD-BF during sit-to-stand (p = 0.002, q = 0.013); the difference for mean CCIQUAD-BF during return walk (p = 0.016) did not survive correction. Coactivation ASI was generally higher at the knee than the ankle. After Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate correction, three peak coactivation asymmetry correlations with RMSAP survived: peak ASITA-MG during outbound walk (r = 0.72, q< 0.001), peak ASIQUAD-BF during turn (r = 0.53, q = 0.043) and peak ASITA-MG during sit-to-sit (r = 0.57, q = 0.044). The negative correlations of ASIMG with RMSAP during sit-to-stand and outbound walk (r = −0.52, r = −0.51) did not survive FDR correction. No ASI correlated significantly with RMSML. Bilateral asymmetry was heterogeneous in direction, and phase-specific peak coactivation asymmetry was more consistently associated with anteroposterior trunk acceleration than muscle thickness. These measures may provide complementary information beyond muscle morphology or total TUG time, but their reliability and clinical relevance require further investigation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1874450</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1874450</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Clinical correlation of hemodynamic parameters using blood flow prediction model in cerebrovascular arteries]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-02T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jun Yup Kim</author><author>Wheesung Lee</author><author>Young-Lin Yoo</author><author>Da Hyun Lee</author><author>Si Un Lee</author><author>Beom Joon Kim</author><author>Jihoon Kang</author><author>Chae-Yong Kim</author><author>Tae-Rin Lee</author><author>Kihwan Hwang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionPatient-specific hemodynamic assessment is pivotal for optimizing treatment strategies in cerebrovascular interventions; however, conventional modalities are often limited by restricted clinical accessibility or prolonged acquisition times.MethodsThis study evaluates the previously developed Dr. NEAR flow (DNF), a streamlined computational framework designed for rapid and clinically feasible blood flow prediction, validated against Non-invasive Optimal Vessel Analysis (NOVA), a quantitative magnetic resonance angiography technique. The DNF methodology reconstructs a one-dimensional vascular topology from standard time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (MRA-TOF) sequences, and flow rate, velocity, and relative pressure are computed throughout the reconstructed vascular network using a Poiseuille-based fluid model. For validation, patient-specific boundary conditions were parameterized using proximal inflow measurements obtained from NOVA, and quantitative comparisons were performed at arterial locations with corresponding NOVA measurements.ResultsAcross 230 arterial segments in 35 subjects, NOVA-measured and DNF-predicted flow rates were strongly correlated (r = 0.77), and the association remained significant after accounting for within-patient clustering (β = 0.863, 95% CI 0.769–0.957). Repeated-measures Bland–Altman analysis showed a mean bias (−58.04 mm³/s). After conversion of flow rates to velocities, vessel-averaged distributions across the major cerebral arteries showed generally similar patterns between the two modalities, although artery-specific correlations were variable.DiscussionThese findings indicate that DNF is a feasible approach for cerebrovascular hemodynamic assessment.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1946447</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1946447</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The effects of core training on athletic performance (speed and jumping) in different sports: a meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-02T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>İdris Kayantaş</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive, holistic examination, using meta-analysis, of the effects of core stabilisation training on speed and jumping-key indicators of athletic performance-in individuals participating in various sports.MethodsStudies published in Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar between 2020 and June 2026 examining speed and jumping performance were screened. Studies involving pre-test–post-test designs with experimental and control groups were recorded for analysis. A total of 49 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included. This meta-analysis followed the PRISMA statement reporting guidelines. The CMA Ver. 2.0 statistical package was used to assess publication bias, calculate means and standard deviations, determine effect sizes and perform moderator analyses. The I² statistic assessed heterogeneity between studies; 25 per cent, 50 per cent and 75 per cent cut-off values represent low, moderate and high levels, respectively. Due to anticipated clinical and methodological diversity across sports disciplines, participant competitive levels, and test protocols, a random-effects model was applied a priori for all pooled analyses across speed and jumping outcomes. All estimates are reported with corresponding 95 per cent confidence intervals (CI). The α level was set at 0.05 for statistical significance.ResultsThe findings of this meta-analysis, which included a total of 49 studies, indicate that core training has a positive effect on the speed and jumping performance of individuals participating in various sports. The overall effect size calculated for speed performance was 0.601, whilst the overall effect size for jumping performance was determined to be 0.489. These findings indicate that core training has a positive effect on both speed and jumping performance.ConclusionsCore training is a useful complementary method for improving speed and jumping performance. Its effectiveness depends not only on training duration and sample size but also on exercise selection, intensity, frequency, athlete characteristics, and sport specificity. Therefore, combining core training with sport-specific sprint, strength, and plyometric exercises may enhance athletic performance.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.2009113</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.2009113</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Correction: Machine learning for enhancing the ablation outcomes using recurrence quantification analysis in human persistent atrial fibrillation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-02T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Correction</category>
        <author>Noor N. Qaqos</author><author>Fernando S. Schlindwein</author><author>G. André Ng</author><author>Xin Li</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1909536</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1909536</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Cyclic stretch increases glucose uptake and pro-inflammatory response in rat alveolar epithelial type II cells]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jorge M. C. Ferreira</author><author>Robert Huhle</author><author>Sabine Müller</author><author>Thea Koch</author><author>Marcelo Gama de Abreu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundMechanical ventilation (MV) is used to improve gas exchange but can exacerbate lung inflammation by increasing alveolar cell stretch, leading to ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Alveolar epithelial stretching promotes cytokine release, but its effects on glucose uptake remain unclear. In vitro studies suggest that high tidal volume ventilation corresponds to cyclic stretch levels of approximately 18%, whereas larger deformations represent supraphysiological and injurious conditions. Therefore, 30% cyclic stretch was used to reproduce severe alveolar deformation associated with volutrauma. We investigated the modulation of inflammation and glucose uptake in alveolar epithelial type II cells exposed to excessive cyclic stretch. We hypothesized that cells exposed to an overstretch of 30% at 1 and 4 hours would increase glucose uptake and pro-inflammatory responses.MethodsRat alveolar epithelial type II cells (L2 AECs) treated and untreated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were exposed to 1 or 4 hours of 30% cyclic stretch. Non-stretched cells, stimulated or not with LPS, served as a control. Glucose oxidase activity was measured using a colorimetric/fluorometric assay, while glucose uptake was assessed by immunofluorescence using the fluorescent glucose analog 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG). Gene expression and secretion were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Šidák’s multiple comparisons test, with significance set at p < 0.05.Results30% cyclic stretch significantly increased glucose uptake and glucose oxidase activity in both LPS-treated and untreated cells. Inflammatory gene expression and mediator secretion were predominantly increased in LPS-primed cells, although the effects varied according to the marker and time point.ConclusionsOverall, excessive cyclic stretch increased the glucose-related readouts assessed in AECs L2 cells, whereas inflammatory responses were more strongly influenced by LPS stimulation and varied among mediators and time points.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1973746</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1973746</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Endurance tests capture complementary dimensions of physical performance]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Petr Kellner</author><author>Michal Mašek</author><author>Jiří Neubauer</author><author>Michal Polách</author><author>Michal Punčochář</author><author>Jiří Zháněl</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionCommonly used endurance tests are often treated as interchangeable, although the extent to which they capture shared and distinct dimensions of physical performance remains unclear. This study examined the informational value of commonly used endurance tests and identified a reduced battery that preserved multidimensional performance information.MethodsA total of 157 men (20.9 ± 1.2 years) and 29 women (20.7 ± 1.0 years) completed six endurance tests alongside assessments of strength, power, agility, and body composition. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and multiple regression were used to evaluate shared and unique information across tests.ResultsRunning tests were strongly interrelated, as were rowing tests. A general endurance component explained 59.4% and 70.5% of variance in men and women, respectively, while additional components distinguished running, rowing, and physical work capacity. Women exhibited stronger relationships among endurance and other physical performance characteristics. A four-test battery reconstructed 67.6% and 73.5% of the information contained in the full battery in men and women, respectively.ConclusionCommon endurance tests provide complementary rather than interchangeable information, and a reduced battery can efficiently characterize multidimensional physical performance while substantially reducing testing demands.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1922718</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1922718</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Clinical, functional, and quality-of-life characteristics of women with comorbid fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome and their associations with FIQR scores]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Antonella Bianco</author><author>Nicola Verrelli</author><author>Giuseppe Riezzo</author><author>Gaetana Laselva</author><author>Marco Grasso</author><author>Isabella Franco</author><author>Laura Prospero</author><author>Benedetta D’Attoma</author><author>Antonia Ignazzi</author><author>Maria Noemy Pastore</author><author>Elisa Grazioli</author><author>Attilio Parisi</author><author>Francesco Russo</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundFibromyalgia (FM) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) frequently co-occur, sharing pathophysiological mechanisms such as central sensitization and gut-brain axis dysregulation. Given that exercise is a first-line non-pharmacological intervention for FM, detailed baseline characterization may inform future exercise-based research. This study aimed to describe the physical, functional, symptomatic, and quality-of-life profile of women with FM+IBS comorbidity in relation to FM severity, assessed continuously and, secondarily, categorically using the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR).MethodsThis cross-sectional observational study, conducted at IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” (Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy), enrolled 33 women (mean age 47.7 ± 8.6 years) diagnosed with FM (2016 ACR criteria) and IBS (Rome IV criteria). Participants were stratified into three groups by FIQR score: Remission/Mild (n=7), Moderate (n=13), and High Severity (n=13). FIQR total score was analyzed as a continuous exposure using Spearman correlations with bootstrapped 95% CIs as the primary analysis; the three-group stratification was retained as a secondary, exploratory presentation. Assessments included pain (VAS), tender points, gastrointestinal symptoms (IBS-SSS), kinesiophobia (TSK), sleep quality (PSQI), physical activity (IPAQ), functional fitness tests, and quality of life (SF-36).ResultsPerceived pain showed the strongest association with FIQR severity (Spearman’s rho=0.57, p<0.001), with values nearly doubling in the High Severity versus Remission/Mild stratum. Physical activity level (IPAQ; exact p=0.021) differed significantly across FIQR strata, with greater inactivity in the Moderate group. Lower-limb functional strength/endurance, handgrip strength, six-minute walk distance, kinesiophobia, and SF-36 Mental Component Summary were all significantly associated with continuous FIQR (all p<0.05); the Sit-to-Stand difference across categorical strata, significant under standard ANOVA (p=0.048), lost significance under Welch’s ANOVA (p=0.148) and Kruskal-Wallis testing (p=0.072). Gastrointestinal burden remained elevated across all groups, with no clear association with FIQR severity (rho=0.29, p=0.097). Sleep quality and SF-36 scores were markedly impaired regardless of FIQR class.ConclusionsIn this exploratory sample, greater FM severity was primarily associated with increased pain and reduced lower-limb functional capacity, while gastrointestinal burden remained consistently elevated across the severity spectrum. These descriptive, hypothesis-generating findings may help guide the design of future, adequately powered studies addressing pain threshold, functional capacity, and gastrointestinal tolerance in exercise management of FM+IBS.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1947412</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1947412</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Dose–response relationships between temporal variables of blood flow restriction exercise and physiological adaptations: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Yuda Li</author><author>Yi Wang</author><author>Sijie Wang</author><author>Tong Zhou</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundTo evaluate dose–response relationships between temporal variables of blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise as a physiological stimulus and changes in physiological adaptations.MethodsFollowing PRISMA, Web of Science, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Scopus were searched (inception–3 May 2026) for RCTs in athletes or physically active healthy adolescents and young adults comparing BFR interventions with conventional exercise protocols. Risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2 and certainty with GRADE. In total, 15 articles (16 trials; 50 effect sizes) were included. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) were computed, with effect directions harmonised for context-dependent outcomes (HR, RER, RPE) so that positive values consistently reflect physiological improvements. These SMDs were pooled using a three-level random-effects model with robust variance estimation (RVE; clustered by study). A DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model with inverse-variance weighting was used for consistency checks.ResultsOverall, BFR exercise elicited significant physiological adaptations (SMD = 0.249, 95% CI: 0.095–0.405), with findings remaining consistent in the DerSimonian-Laird model (overall SMD = 0.231, 95% CI: 0.111–0.349). By intensity, effects were: high-intensity BFR group (SMD = 0.208, 95% CI: 0.163–0.252), moderate-intensity group (SMD = 0.315, 95% CI: −0.465–1.095) and low-intensity group (SMD = 0.293, 95% CI: 0.057–0.529). Meta-regression showed positive associations of effect size with BFR duration (β = 0.0136, p = 0.0011) and stimulus duration (β = 0.0104, p = 0.0347). However, after adjusting for the period, BFR duration was not significant (p = 0.0972) due to collinearity; BFR pressure was not a significant moderator. Regarding specific physiological responses, only VO2max showed robust statistical significance (SMD = 0.386, 95% CI: 0.055–0.717).ConclusionThe most consistent evidence for BFR-induced improvements relates specifically to VO2max, whereas effects on other physiological outcomes remain tentative. In the initial RVE, among the specific physiological outcomes, VO2max, MPO, and RER reached significance, whereas HR and MAP were borderline; upon DL re-verification, only VO2max retained significance. Low-intensity BFR showed clearer advantages over conventional low-intensity exercise, whereas benefits were smaller versus conventional high-intensity protocols. Both BFR duration and stimulus duration showed positive dose–response relationships with effect size. However, multivariable models revealed that the apparent effect of BFR duration was confounded by the total intervention period. In addition, no other variables exhibited significant moderating effects.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1930250</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1930250</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of pre-competition conditioning strategies on acute sport performance in high-level athletes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Xueliang Chen</author><author>Haixu Hu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThis systematic review and network meta-analysis compared the effects of different pre-competition conditioning strategies on sport performance in high-level athletes and aimed to provide evidence-based guidance for optimizing competitive readiness.MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Scopus, and Embase were searched from inception until 4 August 2026 to identify randomized controlled or crossover trials examining acute pre-competition conditioning strategies in high-level athletes. Frequentist random-effects network meta-analyses used standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Intervention rankings were evaluated using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). Sensitivity analyses used assumed within-participant correlation coefficients of 0.30, 0.50, and 0.70.ResultsEighty-nine publications contributing 90 independent datasets involving 1,609 high-level athletes were included. Four outcome-specific networks were constructed for explosive/jump, speed/change-of-direction, sport-specific, and endurance performance. No significant inconsistency was detected across networks. For explosive/jump performance, post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) was superior to regular warm-up (WU) [SMD = 0.40, 95% CI 0.20–0.59] and ranked highest by SUCRA (91.5%). For speed/change-of-direction performance, foam rolling showed the largest effect versus WU [SMD = 0.66, 95% CI 0.10–1.21], followed in the rankings by dynamic stretching and PAPE. For sport-specific performance, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) was superior to sham stimulation [SMD = 0.54, 95% CI 0.16–0.92]. For endurance performance, remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) was superior to WU [SMD = 0.62, 95% CI 0.20–1.05] and ranked highest (95.1%). Sensitivity analyses did not materially alter the findings.ConclusionsAcute pre-competition conditioning strategies exert outcome-specific effects rather than universal performance benefits in high-level athletes. PAPE may be most applicable to explosive performance; foam rolling, dynamic stretching, and PAPE to speed/change-of-direction tasks; IPC to sport-specific tasks; and RIPC to endurance performance. Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA) ratings ranged from high to very low across comparisons; therefore, SUCRA rankings should be interpreted alongside the certainty and amount of supporting evidence. Further high-quality randomized crossover studies are needed.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261368915, identifier CRD420261368915.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1932608</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1932608</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Environmental exposures and intergenerational cardiovascular risk: epigenetic reprogramming via parental exercise]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Yuhang Zheng</author><author>Guanfeng Qin</author><author>Zijian Li</author><author>Xiaoying Zhu</author><author>Haiwang Shi</author><author>Fulong Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a predominant cause of global mortality. The spectrum of traditional risk factors is rapidly expanding, largely driven by the modern cardiovascular exposome. This comprehensive exposome encompasses environmental hazards, sedentary lifestyles, and severe psychosocial stress. Clinical management has evolved toward an integrated system to counteract these threats, yet traditional strategies primarily target the middle and late stages of pathogenesis. Addressing this limitation, modern research has shifted its focus to intergenerational effects. At the molecular level, epigenetic regulation may constitute a key mechanistic link between parental environmental exposures and cardiovascular susceptibility in offspring. Harmful parental exposures can reshape epigenetic regulation within germ cells placental tissues and the developing fetus. By contrast regular physical activity prior to or during pregnancy may exert favorable effects on these biological processes as well as the intrauterine environment conferring potential protective benefits to offspring cardiovascular health. Consequently, future strategies for CVD prevention and control must adopt a life-course perspective. The proactive optimization of the epigenetic environment during early life holds the potential to reduce the burden of CVD at its source.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1920016</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1920016</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Serum metabolic signatures associated with running performance in healthy men living in a cold environment: insights into amino acid and energy metabolism]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Kexin Fang</author><author>Lixia Yu</author><author>Ruixin Zhu</author><author>Jingjing He</author><author>Liwei Zhang</author><author>Ran Wang</author><author>Yiran Zheng</author><author>Tieqiang Sun</author><author>Zhanxin Yao</author><author>Jie Guo</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundChronic exposure to cold environments may impose distinct metabolic demands that are relevant to physical performance; however, the metabolic characteristics associated with physical performance in individuals living in cold environments remain incompletely understood. We aimed to characterize serum metabolomic profiles associated with differences in physical performance among healthy adults residing in a cold region.MethodsAmong 178 healthy males residing in a cold-region environment, 141 participants with available serum metabolomics data were included and stratified according to 3,000-meter running performance into Good (≤14 minutes 13 seconds, n = 76) and Poor (>14 minutes 13 seconds, n = 65) groups. Fasting serum samples underwent untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry profiling. Differentially abundant metabolites were identified using covariate-adjusted linear models implemented in the limma framework, with appendicular skeletal muscle mass index included as a continuous covariate. Differentially abundant metabolites were defined using a Benjamini–Hochberg FDR-adjusted P < 0.05 and |log2FC| > 0.25. Global metabolic profiles were explored using PCA and PLS-DA, followed by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis.ResultsA total of 141 males aged 28–40 years were included. After adjustment for ASMI, 10 differentially abundant metabolites were identified between the Good and Poor groups. Six metabolites showed higher adjusted abundances in the Good group, including cortisol (FDR = 0.031, log2FC = 0.321, 95% CI: 0.155 to 0.488), whereas four metabolites showed higher adjusted abundances in the Poor group, including glutamic acid (FDR = 0.013, log2FC = −0.262, 95% CI: −0.380 to −0.145). Nominally significant enrichment was observed for nitrogen metabolism (P value = 0.011), arginine biosynthesis (P value = 0.026), butanoate metabolism (P value = 0.028), and histidine metabolism (P value = 0.030); however, no pathway remained significant after FDR correction.ConclusionsDifferences in running performance were associated with distinct serum metabolic patterns involving amino-acid and nitrogen metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, and stress- and redox-associated metabolic processes. These findings may provide metabolic hypotheses on inter-individual differences in running performance and identify candidate metabolic pathways for further investigation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1953414</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1953414</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Stochastic dynamics of oxygen-hemoglobin binding: insight through facilitated exploration of an agent-based model]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>David M. Rubin</author><author>Andrea Kolkenbeck-Ruh</author><author>Xriz L. Richards</author><author>Penelope A. C. Keene</author><author>Svetlana M. King</author><author>Ann Z. George</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundUnderstanding oxygen–hemoglobin binding is fundamental to physiology and clinical practice. However, most students have an exclusively deterministic view of oxygen transport, including the misconception that hemoglobin simply loads oxygen in the lungs and unloads it at the tissues. Developing a conceptual understanding requires appreciation of stochastic molecular interactions, dynamic equilibrium, and population-level averaging of microstates, concepts that are abstract, difficult to grasp, and not typically taught in medical physiology courses.MethodsIn this mixed methods study, we developed an agent-based model (ABM) in NetLogo to visualize oxygen–hemoglobin binding as a stochastic process. Based on a published quantitative model describing the distribution of hemoglobin bound states as a function of PO2, the ABM allows users to explore the effect of changing PO2 and hemoglobin number while observing stochastic changes in molecular states. Thirty-one second-year medical students participated in a facilitated computer laboratory session and completed pre- and post-intervention quizzes comprising 18 true/false questions. Quantitative data were analyzed using the McNemar test and a paired-samples t-test. Eight days after the facilitated session and quiz completion, four focus groups comprising 28 participants were conducted, and the focus group transcripts underwent inductive and deductive thematic analysis to identify common themes.ResultsThe ABM reproduced the expected oxyhemoglobin equilibrium curve and demonstrated stochastic fluctuations that diminished with increasing numbers of hemoglobin molecules. Quantitative analysis showed that performance improved on all 18 quiz items, with 11 showing statistically significant gains. Mean scores increased from 54.1% to 83.2% (mean difference 29.0%; t(30)=8.7, p=10-9; dz=1.56). Qualitative analysis identified three themes: knowledge construction through active exploration, affective responses associated with intellectual engagement, and mechanistic understanding of oxygen-hemoglobin binding. Findings demonstrated that participants replaced static mental models with an understanding of stochastic oxygen binding and recognized oxygen saturation as a population average rather than the behavior of individual hemoglobin molecules.ConclusionFacilitated agent-based modeling substantially improved conceptual understanding of oxygen–hemoglobin binding. By interactively exploring stochastic molecular dynamics, the intervention promoted active learning, corrected persistent misconceptions, and may provide a transferable framework for understanding emergent physiological phenomena.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1890190</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1890190</link>
        <title><![CDATA[End-tidal CO2 responses and ventilatory correlates during voluntary hyperventilation: a repeated-measures pilot study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Liping Wang</author><author>Lihao Xue</author><author>Fenglin Jia</author><author>Huibian Zhang</author><author>Lihua Yu</author><author>GuiYou Wang</author><author>Zhao Gu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundControlled voluntary hyperventilation is widely used to study the ventilatory control of end-tidal CO2 (PetCO2), but the breath-by-breath determinants of PetCO2 during an externally paced maneuver remain incompletely characterized. This repeated-measures pilot study aimed to describe PetCO2 changes and to quantify associations with ventilatory timing and expired gas output during paced voluntary hyperventilation.MethodsThirty healthy males (age range 19.2–39.8) performed a metronome-paced voluntary hyperventilation maneuver at 30 breaths/min intended to last up to 3 min. Breath-by-breath data were recorded with a COSMED K5 (COSMED, Rome, Italy). After excluding breaths with implausible respiratory frequency, 2,298 breaths from 30 participants were analyzed with a linear mixed model (LMM) using a cubic B-spline for elapsed time, participant-specific random intercepts and random slopes, and fixed effects of minute ventilation (VE), expired CO2 output (VCO2), and expiratory time (Te). A generalized estimating equation (GEE) with AR(1) working correlation was a sensitivity analysis, and participant-level cluster-bootstrap CIs provided the primary inferential intervals.ResultsParticipant-level mean PetCO2 during the maneuver was 17.1 ± 1.8 mmHg (range 13.3–21.2 mmHg) and declined over time. In the primary LMM, VE β = −0.144, VCO2 β = 0.009, and Te β = 4.18. Because residual diagnostics showed non-normality, heteroscedasticity, and strong serial autocorrelation (GEE AR(1) alpha approximately 0.79 for the spline model and 0.86 for the linear-time model), cluster-bootstrap CIs are reported as the primary inferential intervals: VE −0.174 to −0.110, VCO2 0.005 to 0.012, Te 2.330 to 6.164, and a predicted PetCO2 change from 0 to 180 s of −8.58 mmHg (95% CI −10.30 to −6.92 mmHg). Marginal R2 = 0.775 and conditional R2 = 0.828; leave-one-participant-out cross-validation yielded R2 = 0.737 and RMSE = 2.52 mmHg.ConclusionsPetCO2 during paced hyperventilation was associated with elapsed time, VE, VCO2, and Te. Because VE and VCO2 are algebraically coupled, and VCO2 and PetCO2 also share information from the expired-CO2 signal, they should not be interpreted as independent physiological determinants; the principal contribution is the within-participant expiratory-time association. The findings are exploratory and require confirmation in clinical populations.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1940944</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1940944</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Do strategically demanding sports shape hand function alike? Distinct profiles of dexterity and grip strength in basketball and badminton athletes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xinpeng Gao</author><author>Jinlong Hou</author><author>Chengzhe Du</author><author>Yanan Gao</author><author>Fei Kong</author><author>Ming Li</author>
        <description><![CDATA[PurposeLong-term participation in strategic sports may enhance hand dexterity and cognitive function, but sport-specific differences in manual control, force production, and cognition remain unclear. This study compared hand dexterity, grip strength, and cognitive performance among basketball athletes, badminton athletes, and non-athletes.MethodsThis cross-sectional observational study included 90 right-handed participants (6 females, 84 males; mean age 20.57 ± 1.64 years) divided into the basketball athlete group (BAG), badminton athlete group (BmAG), and non-athlete controls (NCG). Participants completed the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT), Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT), handgrip strength test (HD), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Stroop Color–Word Test (SCWT). Results: Both BAG and BmAG outperformed NCG in PPT dominant-hand scores, combined task scores, GPT completion speed, MoCA scores, and SCWT word reading (all P < 0.05). BmAG also showed superior PPT non-dominant-hand performance, bimanual coordination, and total scores compared with NCG, and better bimanual coordination than BAG (BmAG vs. NCG: P < 0.001, d = 0.96; BmAG vs. BAG: P = 0.033, d = 0.66). BAG demonstrated greater dominant-hand grip strength than NCG (P = 0.007, d = 0.90), whereas BmAG did not. No group differences were found in SCWT inhibitory control or cognitive flexibility.ConclusionBadminton participation was associated with superior fine motor control and bimanual coordination, whereas basketball participation was associated with greater dominant-hand grip strength. Both athletic groups showed better selected manual and cognitive outcomes than NCG. However, the cross-sectional, male-skewed sample cannot establish causality, and the MoCA findings should be interpreted cautiously because of its ceiling effect in healthy young participants. Longitudinal or intervention studies are warranted. After Holm–Bonferroni correction for multiple outcomes, the group effects for PPT non-dominant-hand performance, dominant-hand grip strength, and Stroop word reading did not remain significant and are therefore interpreted as exploratory.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1920214</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1920214</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Deployability of machine-learning prediction models in elite and high-level team sports: a task-specific systematic review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Zhiyu Guan</author><author>Zicheng Jin</author><author>Chuangui Mao</author><author>Weiguo Liu</author><author>Jie Ren</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Machine-learning models are increasingly used for match forecasting and athlete monitoring in elite and high-level team sports, but high reported performance does not necessarily indicate readiness for real-world use. This systematic review evaluated whether models were developed and tested under conditions compatible with their intended decision time. Eight databases were searched, with searches completed by 12 July 2026. Eighty reports representing 77 studies contributed 87 analysis units: 55 Core, 23 post-event or high-leakage Comparators, and nine Boundary units. All 87 units were assessed for deployable prediction validity (DPV) across six domains, and 78 Core or Comparator units were also assessed with PROBAST. Amongst Core units, 26/55 (47.3%) were rated at least Moderate, including five Moderate-to-strong and 21 Moderate units. Pre-adjudication agreement for the overall DPV classification was 85/87 (97.7%; κ = 0.968; linearly weighted κ = 0.978), whilst domain-level exact agreement ranged from 75/87 to 87/87. In post hoc sensitivity analyses, 19/55 Core units met the primary DPV threshold and had Sufficient validation; 14/55 met the primary threshold and had at least partial evidence of predictive reliability or probability-quality; and 9/55 met the primary threshold and both additional conditions. PROBAST risk of bias was High for 56/78 units, Unclear for 21/78, and Low for one. The main limitations were evaluation designs that did not adequately reflect intended future use and limited assessment of predictive reliability. Overall, the evidence supports selective methodological readiness rather than general deployability, with different requirements for pre-game, in-game, and athlete-monitoring applications.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261425179, identifier CRD420261425179.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1943228</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1943228</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of hamstring strain injuries in sprinting: an integrative scoping review of intrinsic, biomechanical and modifiable risk factors]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Junshuai Zhu</author><author>Shuaiwang Huang</author><author>Shuyuan Luo</author><author>Yelin Zeng</author><author>Lan Zheng</author><author>Xiyang Peng</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This scoping review aimed to bring together evidence from muscular architecture, biomechanics, training physiology and injury history-fields that have been examined individually in the past-to clarify how intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence hamstring strain injury development. A systematic literature search of three databases was undertaken in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. Peer-reviewed studies covering the mechanisms of hamstring strain injuries were reviewed and 32 articles met the eligibility criteria and methodological quality assessment. Multiple intrinsic/outside risk factors for Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) were identified in this review. The biceps femoris long head is at risk with eccentric loading due to the narrow width of the aponeurosis and stress applied through previous injury/biomechanical overload during late swing/late stance. Anterior pelvic tilt, trunk flexion, hip flexion, lower leg angular velocity, add to the risk of injury especially where previous injuries caused architectural/motor control changes. Factors that can be changed such as targeting resistance training can decrease the risk for HSIs while suddenly stopping training or muscle fatigue increases risk via increased muscle stiffness and the likelihood of reinjury. This scoping review compiles multi-disciplined evidence to support the argument that the hamstrings do not form a unitary structure.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://osf.io/, identifier afjek.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1914022</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1914022</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Ceramidase is involved in metabolic reprogramming of fibroblasts under hypoxia conditions]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Michela Terlizzi</author><author>Emmanuel D’Andria</author><author>Chiara Colarusso</author><author>Simone Di Caprio</author><author>Anna Falanga</author><author>Maria Rosaria Lauro</author><author>Rosario Salvi</author><author>Rosalinda Sorrentino</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionPhysiological metabolic reprogramming is a cells strategy to resist/counteract stress to preserve homeostasis. Hypoxia is an important stress stimulus that can promote tissue remodeling and fibrosis, in which alterations in sphingolipid metabolism may contribute to fibroblast responses. Here, we investigated the potential role of acid ceramidase (ASAH1), a key enzyme of the sphingolipid salvage pathway, in fibroblast adaptation to hypoxic stress. MethodsHuman fibroblasts were exposed to hypoxia for 24, 48, and 72 hours, and metabolic and redox changes were investigated following pharmacological inhibition of acid ceramidase with D-Nmappd. These findings were complemented by analyses of publicly available bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing datasets from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lungs.ResultsHypoxic fibroblasts showed metabolic remodeling involving glucose-, amino acid-, and redox-associated pathways, together with changes consistent with an adaptive antioxidant response, including alterations in the GSH/GSSG balance. Pharmacological inhibition of acid ceramidase under hypoxia was associated with changes in carnitine metabolism and long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation, reduced GSH and GSSG levels, and decreased expression of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2), Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and 8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase 1 (OGG1). In IPF lung tissue, ASAH1 expression was associated with glycolytic and redox-related genes. Single-cell analysis showed that ASAH1-expressing IPF fibroblasts were enriched in transcriptional programs related to hypoxic responses and oxidative stress regulation and displayed features associated with a less activated phenotype.DiscussionOverall, these findings suggest that acid ceramidase/ASAH1 is associated with fibroblast metabolic and redox adaptation to hypoxic stress and may influence fibroblast activation in IPF.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1939874</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1939874</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Prediction of acute mountain sickness from overnight pulse oximetry during ascent to Everest Base Camp: a field-based machine learning study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Helen Abbott</author><author>Luke R. Cutts</author><author>Ben Stanley</author><author>Suniya Kansakar</author><author>Sophie E. Broughton</author><author>Taea Scott</author><author>Sam Davis</author><author>Sarah Clarke</author><author>Tim Clark</author><author>Ciaran Simpkins</author><author>Johnathan Goves</author><author>Ewein Howes</author><author>Kyle T. Pattinson</author><author>Adrian Garcia</author><author>William Trender</author><author>Arthur R. Bradwell</author><author>Santosh Baniya</author><author>Mark Edsell</author><author>Kimberly Ashdown</author><author>Kelsey E. Joyce</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundAcute mountain sickness (AMS) affects a large proportion of individuals ascending to high altitude every year. While AMS is not life threatening, if left untreated it can progress to serious illness (e.g., high altitude cerebral oedema). Current assessment tools rely on subjective symptom reporting and do not enable prospective prediction. Objective, field-deployable methods for early risk stratification remain limited. This study evaluated whether physiological biomarkers derived from overnight pulse oximetry can predict subsequent AMS during ascent to Everest Base Camp (EBC).MethodsA field study was conducted in the Khumbu region of Nepal. Healthy lowlanders (n = 139–144 across datasets) underwent overnight pulse oximetry recordings at Namche Bazaar (3,440 m) and Dingboche-level (4,371-4,730 m). A total of 125 physiological features were extracted from continuous, overnight oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate recordings. Supervised machine-learning models were trained to classify physician-diagnosed AMS at Lobuche (~4,940 m) using: 1) physiological biomarkers alone and 2) biomarkers combined with clinical and contextual metadata. Model performances were assessed using repeated stratified k-fold cross-validation, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) as the primary metric.ResultsBiomarker-only models demonstrated consistent above-chance discrimination at both altitudes (mean AUC 0.74 at both Namche and Dingboche-level). At lower altitude, predictive performance was achieved using a small set of physiological features, and inclusion of metadata did not improve model performance. At higher altitude, combining biomarkers with contextual variables improved discrimination (AUC 0.84 ± 0.08; sensitivity 0.73 ± 0.23). Selected features were primarily related to nocturnal oxygenation burden, desaturation dynamics, and heart rate variability.ConclusionOvernight pulse oximetry captures physiological signals associated with subsequent AMS development prior to symptom onset. These findings support the feasibility of objective, non-invasive risk stratification during early ascent. Integration of wearable monitoring with computational modelling may provide a complementary tool to support preventative decision-making along high-altitude trekking routes.]]></description>
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