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        <title>Frontiers in Physiology | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Physiology | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
        <generator>Frontiers Feed Generator,version:1</generator>
        <pubDate>2026-09-12T23:14:57.147+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1912080</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1912080</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Influence of blood flow restriction cuff width on acute metabolic, perceptual, and landing responses to low-load resistance exercise in trained long jump athletes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Chen Wang</author><author>Huizhen Yang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundBlood flow restriction (BFR) is used with low-load resistance exercise, but acute responses may depend on cuff width when pressure is prescribed relative to arterial occlusion pressure (AOP).AimTo compare acute metabolic, perceptual, and landing-related responses among No-BFR, 6-cm BFR, and 12-cm BFR conditions in trained male long-jump athletes.MethodsTwenty-two athletes completed the three conditions in a randomized crossover design. Participants performed Smith-machine half squats at 30% of one-repetition maximum using four sets of 30, 15, 15, and 15 repetitions with 30-s inter-set rest. Cuffs were maintained at 40% of cuff-specific AOP. Blood lactate was measured before, immediately after, and 5 min after exercise. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) scores were recorded after each set. Drop-jump (DJ) height, loading rate, and center-of-pressure (COP) sample entropy were measured before and after exercise.ResultsBFR produced higher blood lactate, RPE, and NPRS than No-BFR, particularly during later assessments. Significant condition-by-time/set interactions were observed for blood lactate (F(2.24,47.12)=14.101, p<0.001, ηp²=0.402), NPRS (F(4.34,91.04)=4.839, p=0.001, ηp²=0.180), DJ height (F(1.76,37.04)=20.163, p<0.001, ηp²=0.490), loading rate (F(1.87,39.31)=3.850, p=0.032, ηp²=0.155), and COP sample entropy (F(1.51,31.65)=7.521, p=0.004, ηp²=0.264); the RPE interaction was not significant (p = 0.094). Following BFR, DJ height decreased, whereas loading rate and COP sample entropy increased. The 12-cm condition generally produced the largest responses, although direct cuff-width differences were not uniform.ConclusionsCuff width influenced acute metabolic, perceptual, and post-exercise landing responses during low-load BFR exercise. These acute findings do not establish superior long-term training adaptations.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1958029</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1958029</link>
        <title><![CDATA[PerioTwin-DeltaCRED: a validation-aware physiological digital twin for longitudinal periodontal treatment response prediction]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Pradeep Kumar Yadalam</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundPredicting individual periodontal treatment response remains clinically unresolved. Existing machine-learning models are predominantly cross-sectional, lack a longitudinal response-vector design, and are rarely evaluated within validation-aware digital-twin frameworks that capture multidimensional credibility rather than single-endpoint discrimination alone. This study aimed to develop and evaluate PerioTwin-DeltaCRED, a validation-aware periodontal digital twin that models treatment response as a longitudinal PPD and CAL response vector, and to benchmark classical and quantum machine-learning engines against that framework.MethodsFive hundred patients with Stage II-IV periodontitis were retrospectively assembled from the Saveetha DIAS system; treatment was observational, involving either scaling and root planing alone or with low-level laser therapy. A stratified 60:20:20 split (training n=300, validation n=100, test n=100) was used for all models, using only baseline predictors—follow-up measurements and outcome variables were excluded to prevent leakage. Classical learners (logistic regression, random forest, gradient boosting) were benchmarked for poor-response classification, PPD reduction, CAL gain, and residual deep-pocket risk. Three quantum architectures—VQC-Pauli, Data Re-Uploading VQC (DRU-VQC), and QSVC—along with a hybrid quantum–classical stack, were evaluated as exploratory engines; six principal components (83.6% of variance) were angle-encoded into six-qubit circuits. Hyperparameters were optimized by Optuna on the validation set, with the test set withheld until final assessment. Uncertainty was estimated by bootstrap resampling, and the Delta-PTFI summarized credibility.ResultsClassical logistic regression was the strongest poor-response model (test AUROC 0.69, 95% CI 0.59–0.80; sensitivity 0.54, specificity 0.75), with random forest comparable (AUROC 0.68) and providing the best residual deep-pocket discrimination (AUROC 0.76). Continuous responses were predicted with modest error (PPD-reduction mean absolute error 0.37 mm; CAL-gain 0.31 mm); against observed changes of 1.20 ± 0.46 mm and 0.78 ± 0.36 mm, these errors were equivalent to an intercept-only baseline. Baseline CAL and periodontal stage were the dominant and most stable predictors (mean top-5 stability 0.75), and a two-variable model using stage and baseline CAL alone matched the full model (AUROC 0.71 versus 0.69). An exploratory composite credibility index (Delta-PTFI) was 0.62, falling to 0.25 when its continuous-outcome components were anchored to an intercept-only reference. No quantum architecture surpassed classical learning: the data re-uploading classifier (DRU-VQC) was the best quantum model (test AUROC 0.63), followed by the hybrid stack (0.60), VQC-Pauli (0.46), and QSVC (0.40). Classical learners restricted to the same six principal components reached AUROC 0.58–0.66, and the best of them (random forest, 0.66) still exceeded every quantum model.ConclusionPerioTwin-DeltaCRED provides a validation-aware digital twin for periodontal treatment response, assessing calibration, fidelity, response stability, and credibility index instead of just discrimination. Classical models outperformed, and quantum architectures like DRU-VQC showed no advantage in noiseless six-qubit tests. This is among the first studies embedding and benchmarking quantum machine learning in a periodontal digital twin; more validation and noise testing is needed before clinical use.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1896949</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1896949</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Treadmill exercise improves motor deficits and partially normalizes electrophysiological properties of substantia nigra pars reticulata PV-lineage neurons in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Wanchun Xue</author><author>Jianhua Zhang</author><author>Zhiyu Chen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveTo examine whether treadmill exercise improves motor deficits and alters electrophysiological properties of substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) PV-lineage neurons in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice.MethodsMale Pvalb-Cre;Ai14 mice were assigned to Sham, 6-OHDA-lesioned sedentary (PD), and 6-OHDA-lesioned treadmill-exercise (PD+EX) groups. A unilateral 6-OHDA lesion model was established by right striatal injection of 6-OHDA. PD+EX mice underwent treadmill training for 30 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. Motor function was assessed using a 10-min open-field test and three 300-s rotarod trials. Lesion verification, PV Western blotting, and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of SNr PV-lineage neurons were performed.ResultsSix weeks of treadmill exercise partially improved open-field and rotarod performance in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Exercise was also accompanied by partial normalization of several electrophysiological abnormalities in lesioned-side SNr PV-lineage neurons, including input resistance, action potential threshold, evoked firing capacity, F–I gain, and firing adaptation. No significant group differences in regional PV protein abundance were observed.ConclusionTreadmill exercise improved motor performance and was accompanied by partial normalization of the electrophysiological properties of SNr PV-lineage neurons in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1879888</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1879888</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The influence of muscle mass on the coordination required for efficient movement]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ameur Latreche</author><author>Stephanie A. Ross</author><author>Taylor J.M. Dick</author><author>Nicolai Konow</author><author>Andrew A. Biewener</author><author>James M. Wakeling</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Muscle efficiency decreases with increasing size, largely due to a relative decrease in its mechanical output. Muscle mechanical output depends on its activation, strain, and strain rate and thus varies between different muscles within a limb during locomotion. Distinct muscle coordination patterns are required for efficient cycling, and so we would expect that the coordination patterns for efficient cycling or indeed locomotion would change across animal sizes. We tested whether muscle coordination would change with muscle size using data derived from human cycling: this paradigm allowed for controlled changes in both crank torque and cadence, allowing the multifactorial problem of muscle power output to be decomposed. We used kinematic and pedal data from 12 cyclists undergoing steady pedalling at cadences from 80 to 140 r.p.m. and generated musculoskeletal simulations of their movements. We introduced novel multisegment muscle models in the simulation that incorporated the internal muscle mass and thus accounted for the scaling effects of muscle tissue inertia. We solved the simulations for the muscle activity that was required to minimise the metabolic cost during cycling for each condition. The masses of the muscle models were scaled across five orders of magnitude. The predicted muscle activations were classified by Principal Component analysis to identify whether the coordination of muscle activity was modulated across models with different sized muscles. Analysis of variance revealed significant changes in coordination at the large-scale factors. This study shows how the coordination may be influenced by muscle inertia under scaling scenarios due to the non-linear effects of the inertial mass within the muscle tissues.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1959824</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1959824</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Associations between time-series features of training-load monitoring indicators and relative composite performance in elite speed climbers: a GEE and quantile regression study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shiyi Lu</author><author>Shilong Han</author><author>Lihan Lin</author><author>Qingfu Wang</author><author>Wenxin Xu</author><author>Guoqing Yuan</author><author>Haixu Hu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveTo examine associations between time-series features of training-load, biochemical, and subjective recovery indicators and relative composite performance in elite speed climbers, and whether these associations differed across conditional performance quantiles.MethodsNine elite speed climbers were monitored for 30 weeks, comprising 15 two-week monitoring periods. Six indicators were analyzed: training strain, training monotony, testosterone, creatine kinase (CK), perceived sleep quality, and soreness. Relative composite performance was represented by a sex-specific athlete-level score ranging from 0 to 1. Missing testosterone and CK values were handled using chained-equation imputation with predictive mean matching. Rolling means and coefficients of variation (CVs) were calculated over four consecutive monitoring periods, yielding 12 candidate time-series features and 108 rolling observations. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) assessed population-averaged associations, while athlete-clustered quantile regression explored associations at τ = 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75. False discovery rate correction and sensitivity analyses were applied.ResultsIn the primary GEE analysis, CK rolling CV showed a nominal positive association with performance (β = 0.529, 95% CI 0.061–0.997, P = 0.027), but not after FDR correction (FDR = 0.322). In the six-predictor quantile-regression model, training monotony rolling mean was negatively associated with performance across three quantiles, whereas testosterone rolling mean was positively associated and CK rolling mean negatively associated. These directions were relatively consistent in the extended model and sensitivity analyses. Associations involving training strain, perceived sleep quality, and soreness were less consistent.ConclusionsGEE and quantile regression provided complementary perspectives: GEE characterized population-averaged associations, whereas quantile regression identified differences across the conditional distribution of relative composite performance. Training monotony, testosterone, and CK showed consistent directional patterns. Rolling means and rolling CVs may provide complementary information for interpreting training-load, biochemical, and recovery monitoring in elite speed climbers. These findings require confirmation in samples with repeated objective performance outcomes.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1921084</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1921084</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Combined supplementation of citric acid and oregano essential oil enhanced growth performance, digestion, immunity, and resistance against Nocardia seriolae in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) fed high soybean meal diet]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Haohang Fang</author><author>Hanle Zhang</author><author>Jianxue Wang</author><author>Lei Wang</author><author>Biao Yun</author><author>Xueqiao Qian</author><author>Shouqi Xie</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study evaluated the individual and combined effects of citric acid and oregano essential oil on growth performance, digestive capacity, immune responses, and disease resistance against Nocardia seriolae in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) fed a high soybean meal (SBM) diet. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated: a positive control diet (LS, 0% soybean meal), a negative control diet (HS, 30% soybean meal), and three supplemented diets based on HS, including 1% citric acid (HSC), 0.3% oregano essential oil (HSO), and their combination (HSCO). Fish (initial weight around 68 ag) were fed for 8 weeks, followed by a 20-day N. seriolae challenge trial. Results showed that compared with the LS group, fish fed with the HS diet significantly reduced weight gain and lipase activity, while upregulating the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the mid-intestine. On the contrary, supplementation with oregano essential oil, alone or in combination with citric acid, significantly improved growth performance, whereas citric acid alone exerted no significant improvement on growth. Nevertheless, all three additive groups effectively enhanced lipase activity and suppressed the transcription of intestinal pro-inflammatory genes compared to the HS group. Notably, the HSCO group exhibited significantly higher C3 and C4 levels than both HSC and HSO groups, indicating a superior combined effect on complement activation, and achieved a survival rate (55%) after N. seriolae challenge relative to the HS group (20%), which was close to that of the LS group (65%). Overall, dietary supplementation with 1% citric acid and 0.3% oregano essential oil effectively mitigated the adverse impacts in L. maculatus fed with high soybean meal diets.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1875466</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1875466</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of high-fat diet-induced obesity on circulating bone turnover markers in mice: a meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Jie Ma</author><author>Binglin Chen</author><author>Bo Gao</author><author>Linyuan Zhang</author><author>Yuxiang Du</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveTo investigate the level of bone turnover markers in the serum of mice induced into obesity by a high-fat diet, comparing them with non-obese counterparts.Data sourcesPubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, EBSCO, and Web of Science were searched from database inception to July 22, 2026.MethodsTwo researchers screened literature based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracting valid data for quality evaluation. meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4 software, focusing on primary outcomes related to blood biochemical markers associated with bone metabolism, such as TRAP, CTX-1, and OCN levels.ResultsSeven studies were included in the systematic review, of which five reported sufficiently comparable data for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Five articles, encompassing data from 256 mice, met the inclusion criteria. Compared to the non-obese group, the serum of obese mice exhibited a significant increase in TRAP levels (MD=1.68 U/L, 95% CI=1.08-2.27, P<0.00001) as well as CTX-1 levels (MD=9.87 ng/mL, 95% CI=5.53-14.22, P<0.00001), with no statistically significant difference in OCN levels (SMD=0.26, 95% CI=-0.78-1.30, P=0.63).ConclusionCurrent evidence from a limited number of animal studies suggests that high-fat diet-induced obesity may be associated with increased circulating levels of selected bone resorption markers, including TRAP and CTX-I, in mice. No statistically significant difference was observed for OCN. Given the small number of studies, methodological limitations, substantial heterogeneity in the OCN analysis, and the absence of quantitative structural skeletal outcomes, these findings should be considered preliminary.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1936199</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1936199</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of dietary antimicrobial peptides on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune response and disease resistance of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Wencong Zhang</author><author>Lei Wang</author><author>Jinliang Zhao</author><author>Biao Yun</author><author>Xueqiao Qian</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe study was conducted to investigate effects of dietary antimicrobial peptide, tilapia-derived endogenous piscidin 4 (TP4), on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune response and disease resistance of juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).MethodsFour diets with supplementation of 0 g/kg (Control), 2.0 g/kg, 4.0 g/kg, and 8.0 g/kg of TP4, respectively, were prepared for tilapia (initial weight 11.67 ± 0.21 g).ResultsResults showed that specific growth rate of fish fed the diet with 2.0 g/kg TP4 was significantly higher, while feed conversion ratio was lower than those in the control (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, 2.0 g/kg TP4 supplementation markedly elevated crude protein contents and condition factor, as well as intestinal trypsin and lipase activities than the control (P < 0.05). In addition, 2.0 and 4.0 g/kg TP4 supplementation enhanced antioxidant capacity, evidenced by significantly increased catalase and peroxidase activities, as well as decreased malondialdehyde contents in liver (P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression of antioxidant genes sod1, cat, nrf2 and atf4 was higher significantly in 2.0 and 4.0 g/kg TP4 groups than in the control (P < 0.05). Also, 2.0 g/kg TP4 supplementation significantly reduced activities of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and elevated the activity of alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05). Relatedly, pro-inflammatory genes il8 and tnfα were downregulated, anti-inflammatory genes il10 and arg1 were upregulated, and relative percent survival of fish after challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae was elevated in the 2.0 g/kg TP4 group than in the control, demonstrating that 2.0 g/kg TP4 may improve immune response and disease resistance. However, these favorable effects on antioxidant capacity and immunity disappeared at the 8.0 g/kg TP4 supplementation level.DiscussionIn conclusion, 2-4 g/kg TP4 supplementation in the diet effectively enhanced antioxidant capacity, immune response and disease resistance, which may potentially improve the growth performance.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1911448</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1911448</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A hypothesis-driven pulmonary–cerebral mechanistic framework of neurological decompression illness in repetitive breath-hold diving]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Kiyotaka Kohshi</author><author>Hideki Tamaki</author><author>Yoshitaka Morimatsu</author><author>Tatsuya Ishitake</author><author>Frédéric Lemaître</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This hypothesis-driven narrative review synthesizes physiological, clinical, and neuroimaging evidence to advance an integrated pulmonary–cerebral framework for decompression illness (DCI) in repetitive breath-hold diving. Three unresolved features are addressed: the predominance of cerebral involvement, the characteristic localization of lesions to external watershed and distal arterial territories, and the gradual evolution of neurological deficits. Drawing on converging evidence from pulmonary vascular physiology and cerebral gas kinetics, we propose that venous nitrogen bubbles generated during repetitive dives intermittently bypass pulmonary filtration through transient recruitment of intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVA), providing a plausible route for episodic arterialization. Once lodged in distal cerebral arteries, these bubbles may enlarge through diffusion of nitrogen from supersaturated brain tissue, potentially contributing to progressive vascular obstruction, endothelial activation, blood–brain barrier disruption, and vasogenic edema. This review articulates a hypothesis-generating integrative framework in which IPAVA-mediated arterialization and diffusion-driven bubble enlargement may together provide a plausible physiological interpretation for the progressive, watershed-predominant cerebral injury unique to repetitive breath-hold diving. Although direct evidence remains limited—particularly regarding dynamic IPAVA behavior and quantitative nitrogen kinetics— the available data appear broadly compatible with a proposed mechanism centered on episodic arterialization followed by diffusion-driven bubble growth. By framing breath-hold diving–related DCI as a coupled pulmonary–cerebral process, this review proposes a testable conceptual foundation for future integrative research aimed at clarifying IPAVA dynamics, cerebral microvascular vulnerability, and nitrogen transport within supersaturated tissues.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1944804</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1944804</link>
        <title><![CDATA[NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase involved in the multi-resistance of Aphis spiraecola to imidacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shuo Zhang</author><author>Kang Wang</author><author>Yi You</author><author>Tong Wang</author><author>Wenrong Xian</author><author>Hua Wu</author><author>Hainan Shao</author><author>Zhiqing Ma</author>
        <description><![CDATA[NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) serves as the obligate electron donor for cytochrome P450 enzymes and is essential for xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification. However, its involvement in insecticide resistance of Aphis spiraecola remains unclear. In this study, the open reading frame (ORF) of the A. spiraecola CPR gene was cloned and characterized. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that AsCPR was most abundantly expressed in apterous adults of the susceptible (SS), imidacloprid-resistant (IM-R) and lambda-cyhalothrin-resistant (LC-R) strains, with higher transcript levels in the hemolymph and midgut. In different strains, AsCPR expression was stably induced by both imidacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin, with induction levels ranging from 1.21 to 4.9-fold. Furthermore, SPc-mediated RNAi of AsCPR achieved silencing efficiencies exceeding 40% at 12 h post-injection in both resistant strains. This knockdown significantly reduced P450 enzyme activity by 18.4% in the IM-R strain and 16.6% in the LC-R strain. Accordingly, the sensitivities of the IM-R strain to imidacloprid and the LC-R strain to lambda-cyhalothrin were significantly increased, with LC50 values decreasing by 57.6% and 49.8%, respectively, compared with the dsGFP control group. Finally, the recombinant AsCPR protein was expressed in vitro, and its activity was assessed. The results indicate that AsCPR plays a key role in the development of multi-resistance of A. spiraecola to pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1884047</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1884047</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Multimodal deep learning integrating ultrasonographic and clinical data for enhanced rotator cuff tear identification]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ye Jiang</author><author>Huining Xu</author><author>Yuxuan Hu</author><author>Mengyao Xu</author><author>Jinping Wang</author><author>Tianyou Xin</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundUltrasonography (US) represents a practical and accessible imaging modality for rotator cuff tear (RCT) evaluation, yet diagnostic accuracy remains constrained by operator experience and the sonographic ambiguity of partial-thickness tears. Deep learning (DL) models applied to US imaging and machine learning models derived from clinical variables have each demonstrated independent promise, yet their integration within a unified diagnostic framework has not been systematically explored.ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop and validate a multimodal DL model integrating US imaging with structured clinical examination data for RCT detection.MethodsA retrospective cohort of 947 patients presenting with shoulder pain who underwent both shoulder US and MRI was partitioned into training and testing sets at a 7:3 ratio. Patients with MRI-confirmed supraspinatus RCT were designated RCT-positive, while those with supraspinatus tendinopathy or subacromial bursitis were designated RCT-negative. Four model configurations were developed: a clinical-only model, a single-view US model, a dual-view US model, and a full multimodal model (MM) combining dual-view US with clinical variables through feature-level fusion. All models were trained using five-fold cross-validation and evaluated on the testing set for discriminative performance, calibration, and clinical utility. Model interpretability was assessed using Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) for the image encoder and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) for the clinical encoder.ResultsAmong 947 patients, 370 (39.1%) were RCT-positive and 577 (60.9%) were RCT-negative. MM achieved the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.935, with sensitivity of 0.946, specificity of 0.786, and F1 score of 0.830, significantly outperforming all unimodal configurations. Decision curve analysis confirmed superior net benefit of MM across clinically relevant threshold probabilities. Grad-CAM heatmaps demonstrated anatomically coherent attention within the supraspinatus tendon, while SHAP analysis identified the drop arm test, external rotation lag sign, and empty can test as the dominant clinical predictors.ConclusionThe proposed multimodal DL framework offers a validated and interpretable tool for MRI-independent RCT diagnosis, with potential applicability in resource-constrained clinical settings.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1929244</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1929244</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A two-minute exercise snack may be sufficient to enhance energy metabolism and fat oxidation in sedentary male college students]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zhihao Gao</author><author>Yanbai Han</author><author>Yongbo Wang</author><author>Zhuoyue Cheng</author><author>Zhiyu Xiang</author><author>Yiming Han</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveShort-duration exercise snacks are considered a time-efficient strategy for interrupting sedentary behavior, but the metabolic effects of different exercise durations remain unclear. This study compared energy expenditure and substrate oxidation among the 1-, 2-, and 3-min exercise snack protocols during exercise and a 30-min recovery period under a standardized target workload.MethodsTwenty sedentary male college students completed three exercise snack protocols in a randomized crossover design with a 7-day washout interval between trials. All protocols were performed on a cycle ergometer using a standardized incremental loading scheme (30 W every 10 s to 180 W). The 1-min protocol ended upon reaching 180 W, whereas the 2-min and 3-min protocols maintained this workload until exercise completion. Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, glucose oxidation, and associated physiological indices were continuously monitored during exercise and the 30-min recovery period.ResultsAll three exercise snack protocols elicited significant acute metabolic responses. During exercise, total fat oxidation was greater in the 2-min than in the 1-min protocol (0.71 ± 0.22 vs. 0.37 ± 0.12 g, p < 0.001), and was not significantly different from that observed in the 3-min protocol (0.71 ± 0.22 vs. 0.78 ± 0.34 g, p = 0.179). During recovery, energy expenditure rate declined in all protocols but followed different trajectories. In the 1-min protocol, it returned to resting level by 25 min (p = 0.095), whereas it remained above resting throughout the 30-min recovery period in the 2-min (1.87 ± 0.21 kcal/min) and 3-min protocols (2.07 ± 0.32 kcal/min; both p < 0.001). Fat oxidation rate increased whereas glucose oxidation rate decreased during recovery. At 30 min of recovery, fat oxidation rate was not significantly different between the 2-min and 3-min protocols (0.15 ± 0.02 vs. 0.17 ± 0.04 g/min, p = 0.068).ConclusionA 2-min exercise snack may be sufficient to increase energy expenditure and fat oxidation while eliciting sustained post-exercise metabolic activation. These findings provide evidence to support the potential application of exercise snacks as a time-efficient exercise strategy for sedentary adults.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1934571</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1934571</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Exercise-induced hypertension, leukocyte telomere length, and dietary antioxidant intake in elite male taekwondo athletes: an integrated analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yun-A Shin</author><author>Jun-Hee Lee</author>
        <description><![CDATA[PurposeThis study examined leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and nutritional intake characteristics according to resting hypertension and exercise-induced hypertension (EIH) status exclusively in elite male collegiate and professional taekwondo athletes. It further investigated associations among blood pressure responses, biological aging markers, and nutritional indices without presuming a direct association between EIH and LTL.MethodsA total of 108 male taekwondo athletes underwent body composition assessment and graded exercise testing (GXT) using the Bruce treadmill protocol. Resting hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mmHg, and EIH as peak exercise SBP ≥210 mmHg or DBP ≥105 mmHg. Dietary intake was assessed via 3-day estimated food records and analyzed using CAN Pro 5.0. Relative LTL was measured by real-time PCR and expressed as the T/S ratio. Group comparisons employed Welch’s t-test; associations were examined using correlation, multiple linear regression, binary logistic regression, and generalized estimating equations.ResultsAmong 108 athletes, 23 (21.3%) met the resting hypertension criterion and 44 (40.7%) met the EIH criterion. The EIH group showed higher resting and peak SBP and a greater exercise-induced SBP rise. LTL did not differ between the EIH and non-EIH groups (p = .554) and was not independently associated with EIH odds (p = .177). LTL showed a borderline inverse association with resting SBP (ρ = −0.203, p = .050). In the multivariable models, BMI was inversely associated with LTL (B = −0.0070, p = .034) and positively associated with EIH odds (OR per 1-SD = 3.80, p = .002), whereas vitamin C intake density was inversely associated with EIH odds (OR per 1-SD = 0.30, p = .019). Dietary fiber and vitamin C intake densities were positively correlated with LTL (both p = .012).ConclusionWhile EIH was not directly linked to telomere shortening in this cross-sectional observation, the high prevalence of EIH and its strong association with body composition and antioxidant intake highlight the necessity of dynamic blood pressure monitoring. Incorporating objective hydration controls and targeted nutritional strategies (e.g., vitamin C and fiber) should be considered as part of comprehensive cardiovascular risk management in elite athletes, warranting further prospective validation.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1919762</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1919762</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of water-deprivation stress on the expression of hepatic genes involved in blood pressure and stress response in chickens]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Seong W. Kang</author><author>Chloe H. Sanchez</author><author>Rosie H. Whittle</author><author>Angela Perretti</author><author>Jaelen M. Cherry</author><author>Maricela A. Maqueda</author><author>Sara K. Orlowski-Workman</author><author>Young M. Kwon</author><author>Shawna L. Weimer</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Water intake is crucial for livestock performance and welfare. Understanding the mechanisms underlying water homeostasis and stress responses during water shortages is essential for sustainable poultry production. This study examined how water deprivation (WD) affects hepatic genes related to blood pressure (BP) regulation and stress responses in broilers selected for high (HW) and low (LW) water efficiency. The genes analyzed included angiotensinogen (AGT), renin (REN), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), measured in the liver. Birds from both lines underwent WD for 0, 12, and 24 h, with liver samples collected on days 38-40. The results showed that AGT and REN levels were higher in male than in female HW birds, indicating gender-specific expression of AGT and REN in the liver. The effects of 12 h and 24 h WD were more pronounced in HW than in LW birds, regardless of sex, implying a higher responsiveness of HW birds to WD stress. In both HW and LW, females exhibited higher GR and 11β-HSD1 levels than males. WD elevated GR and 11β-HSD1 expression in HW males but not in HW females, indicating a gender-specific stress response in the liver of HW birds. Conversely, LW females showed decreased GR levels after WD, and 11β-HSD1 was reduced after 24 h of WD in both sexes, suggesting a destructive stress response in LW birds. BDNF expression was three times higher in HW males than in HW females, with no significant gender difference in LW, suggesting a possible functional role for BDNF in the WD stress response and liver welfare. WD caused a time-dependent reduction in BDNF in both lines, indicating that water efficiency does not influence BDNF expression by gender. Overall, HW birds may demonstrate greater resilience in water homeostasis and BP regulation compared to LW birds. Hepatic BDNF expression levels in broilers may serve as a potential diagnostic marker of poultry health.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1904809</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1904809</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Yo-Yo IR1-derived aerobic endurance machine-learning prediction in youth male soccer players using demographics information and resting heart rate variability parameters]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Kacper Korzeniewski</author><author>Robert Makuch</author><author>Magdalena Mikielewicz</author><author>Maciej Rosoł</author><author>Jakub S. Gąsior</author><author>Marcel Młyńczak</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Introduction/objectiveThis study evaluated the predictive value of demographic information and short-term resting heart rate variability (HRV) for estimating aerobic endurance fitness assessed via the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test in youth male soccer players.MethodsA total of 275 players (aged 8-18) were tested during pre-season. Data included players’ characteristics, resting heart rate and it’s variability in supine and standing positions, and Yo-Yo test results. Short-term (1–5 minutes) RR intervals (RRi) were recorded using the Polar Team 2, preprocessed for artifacts, and analyzed for time-, frequency-, and non-linear HRV features. Frequency-domain metrics were extracted from linearly detrended signals to ensure stationarity. Ten datasets combining player characteristics (age, stature, body mass, BMI, body composition, maturity offset, experience, match status) and HRV were used to train multiple machine learning (ML) regression models. Model performance was evaluated using standard metrics, and SHAP values identified key predictors.ResultsThe final sample included 237 players median (range) age and BMI were: 13 (8 – 18) years, 18.8 (13.8 – 29.3) kg/m2. The best models, Random Forest using 120-second supine data and Random Forrest using 240-second standing data respectively achieved RMSE 2.89 ml/kg/min (344 m), and MAE 2.27 ml/kg/min (270 m), and RMSE 2.82 ml/kg/min (336 m), and MAE 2.26 ml/kg/min (269 m). Compared to a demographics-only baseline for Random Forest returning RMSE of 3.15 ml/kg/min (375 m) and MAE 2.39 ml/kg/min (285 m), the inclusion of HRV features provided a modest but consistent improvement in predictive accuracy. Age, experience, maturity offset, and non-linear HRV features (symbolic dynamics, Higuchi’s Fractal Dimension) were most influential.DiscussionML models combining basic characteristics and short-term HRV showed moderate performance. The incremental improvement attributable to HRV was modest, and these exploratory models are not currently ready to replace Yo-Yo field testing or guide individual training decisions.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1903033</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1903033</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Reactive agility training selectively improves choice reaction and footwork-stroke performance in young male table tennis players: a randomized controlled trial]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Mingquan Zhang</author><author>Wenlong Zhang</author><author>Junye Tao</author><author>Yana Liu</author><author>Rui Jin</author><author>Xiao Xu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThis randomized controlled trial compared the task-specific effects of 6 weeks of QuickBoard-assisted reactive agility training (RAT) and pre-planned agility training (PPAT) in young male table tennis players.MethodsForty young male Chinese table tennis players were randomly allocated to RAT (n = 20) or PPAT (n = 20). Both groups trained three times per week for 45 min per session under matched training frequency, planned session duration, and session structure. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included foot speed, choice reaction time, planned change-of-direction performance, table tennis-specific reactive change-of-direction performance, stroke continuity, and an integrated footwork–stroke task requiring accurate ball placement under time pressure. Outcomes were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models including fixed effects for Group, Time, and their interaction.ResultsSignificant overall Time effects were observed for all six outcomes (p ≤ .029). Significant Group × Time interactions were identified for choice reaction time (p = .005, d = −0.65) and the Forehand Drive after Backhand Push Test (p = .049, d = 0.55). Bonferroni-adjusted simple-effects analyses showed significant pre-to-post improvements in the RAT group for both outcomes (both adjusted p < .001), whereas the corresponding changes in the PPAT group were not significant. However, adjusted between-group differences at post-test were not statistically significant. No significant Group × Time interactions were observed for foot speed, planned or reactive change-of-direction performance, or the Alternate Counter Test (p ≥ .074).DiscussionQuickBoard-assisted training was associated with broad improvements over time, whereas the additional benefits of RAT were task-specific. Stimulus-driven and decision-loaded training appeared particularly relevant to choice reaction performance and table tennis tasks requiring the integration of footwork, postural adjustment, and stroke execution under time pressure.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1947596</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1947596</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Ricinine toxicity in susceptible lepidoptera involves perturbations in β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Qin Li</author><author>Ru-yi Jin</author><author>Chao-wei Wen</author><author>Hao-yang Ma</author><author>Zuo-min Shao</author><author>Xue-yang Wang</author><author>Li-shang Dai</author><author>Lu-feng Hu</author><author>Ming-jie Deng</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Ricinine, a plant-derived alkaloid, exhibits potent insecticidal activity; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its differential toxicity among insect species remain largely elusive. This study employed integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics to investigate the adaptation strategies of three lepidopteran insects with distinct host plant ranges—Bombyx mori (B. mori), Spodoptera litura (S. litura), and Samia cynthia ricini (S. cynthia ricini) to ricinine. The three species exhibited sharply divergent toxicological responses: ricinine caused acute lethality in B. mori, severely inhibited the growth of S. litura, but induced no significant adverse effects in S. cynthia ricini. Untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics revealed that ricinine treatment provoked the most severe metabolic disruption in B. mori, followed by S. litura, while the impact on S. cynthia ricini was minimal. Moreover, the species showed largely species-specific pathway-enrichment patterns, indicating fundamentally different adaptive mechanisms. Integrated analysis identified decreased normalized relative abundances of key metabolites (e.g., adenine, flavin mononucleotide) and significant downregulation of genes associated with NAD/NADH-linked energy metabolism (e.g., nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NPH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS)) in susceptible species. These molecular changes were associated with β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD) metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation-related pathways. Exogenous β-NAD supplementation alleviated ricinine toxicity in S. litura, supporting the involvement of β-NAD-related metabolism. In contrast, S. cynthia ricini, despite accumulating the highest levels of ricinine, displayed only marginal metabolic and transcriptional perturbations, signifying the evolution of robust innate tolerance mechanisms. Finally, the combined treatment with ricinine and nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) produced greater growth inhibition and mortality in S. litura than either treatment alone, which was associated with the marked inhibition of cytochrome P450 detoxification enzyme activity. These findings elucidate evolutionary strategies insects employ to cope with plant alkaloids and provide a molecular basis for developing novel, selective pest control agents.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1877799</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1877799</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Acute caffeine strategies for improving performance in combat sports: a structured narrative review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Jingang Fan</author><author>Yike Li</author><author>Dongchen Li</author><author>Hansen Li</author><author>Guodong Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveThis structured narrative review updates and contextualizes evidence on acute caffeine strategies in combat sports, with emphasis on performance effects, delivery form, combined interventions, and factors that may explain inconsistent findings.MethodsA structured literature search was conducted in Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus. Eligible reports involved trained amateur, competitive, or professional combat sport athletes, evaluated an acute caffeine intervention administered before or during exercise or sport specific performance testing, and included at least one physical, cognitive, or technical tactical performance outcome. Findings were synthesized narratively because of substantial heterogeneity in sport discipline, caffeine protocol, comparator, and outcome measures.ResultsForty three reports met the eligibility criteria. Fourteen evaluated combined caffeine protocols, whereas 29 evaluated caffeine supplementation alone. Combined protocols included caffeine with sodium bicarbonate, carbohydrate, L theanine, Rhodiola rosea, warm up music, conditioning activity, post activation performance enhancement, or mouth rinsing. These strategies showed potential context specific benefits, particularly when caffeine was combined with warm up music or conditioning activity, but they did not establish a general advantage over isolated caffeine supplementation. For caffeine supplementation alone, favorable findings were reported for selected simulated combat outcomes, Special Judo Fitness Test performance, strength, power, muscular endurance, reaction related outcomes, and repeated high intensity activity. However, null findings were also common, even within commonly used doses of 3 to 6 mg/kg. Perceived exertion and heart rate were generally unchanged, whereas blood lactate more frequently increased following caffeine ingestion.ConclusionsAcute caffeine supplementation may improve selected performance outcomes in combat sport athletes, but responses vary across disciplines, tasks, athlete characteristics, dosing strategies, delivery forms, and competition formats. Doses of 3 to 6 mg/kg remain the most frequently studied protocols, but individual responses should be assessed during training before competition. Evidence for high or repeated doses, rapid delivery forms, and combined strategies remains preliminary.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1908536</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1908536</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Erythroid anion exchanger-1 (SLC4A1) modulates carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide on respiration]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Cheng-Ta Lai</author><author>Jing-Heng Lin</author><author>Tian Hu</author><author>Hui-Lin Lee</author><author>Shih-Wei Wang</author><author>Kate Hsu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionClinically widely used acetazolamide is a potent carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor. CA accelerates CO2(g)⇌HCO3-(aq) bidirectional conversion. CAII, the major functional isoform, primarily resides inside red blood cells (RBCs). Erythrocyte-specific anion transporter or anion exchanger-1 (AE1) determines HCO3- permeability across the cell membrane and is considered the rate-limiting factor for intraerythrocytic CO2(g)/HCO3(aq) conversion facilitated by CAII. This study aimed to use CA-inhibiting acetazolamide to find out whether AE1 could modulate intraerythrocytic CA catalysis.MethodsTo explore whether erythroid AE1 could modulate the respiratory effects of acetazolamide, we utilized the GPMur mouse model characteristic of higher erythroid AE1 expression for respiratory measurements using whole-body plethysmography (WBP). The effects of acetazolamide and hypercapnia on murine respiration were compared.ResultsWe found that acetazolamide influenced respiration in the same direction as hypercapnia. Increased erythroid AE1 expression (GPMur) counteracted the impacts of hypercapnia/acetazolamide. Importantly, GPMur/higher AE1 increased respiratory sensitivity and limited responses to acetazolamide.ConclusionBoth acetazolamide and hypercapnia drove acidosis. GPMur/increased AE1 reduced the impacts of acidosis with faster respiratory responses. This supports that AE1 and CAII function in concert to facilitate intraerythrocytic CO2/HCO3- conversion for CO2 expiration. Since murine RBC-AE1 could help sensitize respiratory responses to acetazolamide-induced systemic CA inhibition, it warrants future clinical investigation to identify the appropriate dosing of acetazolamide for people with the GP.Mur blood type.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1963914</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1963914</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Associations of body morphology and body composition with swimming performance in male and female youth swimmers: an exploratory cross-sectional study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zhanyang He</author><author>Sujing Su</author><author>Xujun Liu</author><author>Xun Jin</author><author>Cuimei Shen</author><author>Houwei Zhu</author><author>Gongju Liu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveTo investigate the associations of body morphology and body composition with swimming performance in male and female provincial youth swimmers.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 49 swimmers: 25 males (FINA points: 582 ± 66; age: 12.5 ± 0.7 years; height: 162.3 ± 6.6 cm; weight: 47.4 ± 6.9 kg) and 24 females (FINA points: 620 ± 84; age: 11.8 ± 0.8 years; height: 156.4 ± 6.1 cm; weight: 43.5 ± 5.1 kg). Competitive performance was represented by each swimmer’s highest FINA point score. BMI, body proportions, body fat percentage, and hand and foot areas were assessed. Sex-stratified correlation and exploratory regression analyses were performed with false discovery rate correction and formal interaction testing.ResultsAmong female swimmers, FINA points were positively correlated with age, BMI, hand area, and foot area after FDR correction, whereas no corrected associations were observed among males. In the primary adjusted female model, hand area remained positively associated with FINA points; however, this estimate was attenuated after influential observations were excluded (β = 0.370, p = 0.052). Neither the sex × BMI nor the sex × hand area interaction was significant.ConclusionIn this exploratory sample, hand area showed a positive adjusted association with FINA points among female swimmers, but the estimate was sensitive to influential observations. These findings are hypothesis-generating and require confirmation in larger independent samples.]]></description>
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