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        <title>Frontiers in Physiology | Exercise Physiology section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/sections/exercise-physiology</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Exercise Physiology section in the Frontiers in Physiology journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-08-17T05:55:18.873+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1884017</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1884017</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of unilateral versus bilateral training on linear sprint and change-of-direction performance in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Chen Dong</author><author>Yugang Zhang</author><author>Min Sun</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundUnilateral training may enhance sprint and change-of-direction (COD) performance in athletes, but existing evidence is inconclusive.MethodsWe searched CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO up to 1 September 2025 for randomized controlled trials comparing unilateral versus bilateral training in athletes and reporting speed-related outcomes. Methodological quality was assessed with PEDro. Random-effects meta-analyses computed mean differences (MD), and GRADE was used for certainty grading.ResultsFourteen studies (415 male athletes, aged 9–27 years) were included. Unilateral training showed no significant pooled effects on 10 m, 20-m, or 30 m sprints (overall I² = 58%), the T-test (I² = 59%), or COD to the right (COD-R, I² = 44%). The 505 test was not pooled because of very high heterogeneity (I² = 92%) and conflicting individual findings. Significant improvements favoring unilateral training were observed for 5 m sprint (Z = 2.01, P = 0.04) and COD to the left (COD-L, Z = 2.13, P = 0.03). Age subgroup analysis (<18 vs. ≥18 years) did not moderate 10 m sprint results (P = 0.64). Overall evidence quality was low to moderate.ConclusionUnilateral training confers selective, small-magnitude benefits for 5 m sprint and COD-L, but these results are preliminary. The COD-L finding rests on only three studies (63 athletes), and the 5-m finding on four studies (113 athletes). Given the exclusively male sample and wide age range (9–27 years), generalization requires caution. Unilateral training did not universally improve all sprint or COD measures. While results for 30-m sprint, T-test, and COD-R were relatively consistent, the 505-test evidence should be interpreted with caution because of high heterogeneity. Future large-scale RCTs should explore applicability across sports, age groups, and sexes, with attention to maturational status and training age in younger populations.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=1031255, identifier CRD420251031255.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1912453</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1912453</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Predicting athletic performance in track and field athletes based on wearable physiological and psychological indicators: an interpretable machine learning study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Pengfei Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Track-and-field performance fluctuates week to week under the joint influence of training load, recovery, autonomic regulation, and psychological readiness, and wearables now enable continuous physiological monitoring; however, whether bodily signals and readiness markers contribute differently to performance prediction across technical and physical events remains unclear. In a prospective longitudinal study, 132 competitive track-and-field athletes (71 physical-event, 61 technical-event) were monitored over a planned 14-week athlete-week design. One-week lagged morning LnRMSSD, resting heart rate, sleep duration and quality, session-RPE load, cognitive anxiety, and self-efficacy were used to predict subsequent standardized weekly performance change. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) models were evaluated with athlete-level grouped cross-validation. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) summarized feature contributions, and OLS interaction models with athlete-clustered robust standard errors tested moderation by event type. The integrated XGBoost model showed the highest overall prediction among the evaluated feature sets (mean outer-fold R² = 0.510, RMSE = 0.505, MAE = 0.406; within-athlete centered sensitivity R² = 0.177–0.306), and readiness measures added a consistent increment beyond monitoring-only features (mean ΔR² = 0.088). SHAP identified the ordinal competitive-level code as the largest single contribution (23.4%), followed by lagged physiological and self-efficacy features. Interaction analyses gave partial evidence of event-sensitive moderation, mainly for psychological readiness in technical events, whereas aggregated physiological and load interactions were non-significant. Sensitivity analyses showed that predictive performance decreased after removing the competitive-level code (R² = 0.366) and in within-athlete centered models, indicating that the headline R² reflected both stable athlete-level stratification and week-to-week monitoring signals. Overall, integrated wearable physiological and psychological monitoring can help predict and characterize week-to-week performance change in track-and-field athletes, with the most consistent event-sensitive signal involving psychological readiness, particularly self-efficacy, in technical events, while not implying causal mechanisms.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1902583</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1902583</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Agreement and reliability of force-plate, smartphone-based, and wearable-sensor countermovement jump assessments for neuromuscular monitoring in male professional volleyball players]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Bartosz Wilczyński</author><author>Tymon Środa</author><author>Mateusz Sikorski</author><author>Mariola Gepfert</author><author>Jakub Jarosz</author><author>Katarzyna Zorena</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundCountermovement jump testing is widely used to infer lower-limb neuromuscular performance, readiness, fatigue, and adaptation in applied exercise physiology. However, commercially available force-plate, inertial-sensor, and smartphone-based systems use different signal sources and calculation methods, which may affect the physiological interpretation of jump-performance changes.ObjectiveTo evaluate the agreement and test–retest reliability of bilateral and single-leg countermovement jump outcomes obtained from force plates, an inertial measurement unit, and a smartphone application in male volleyball players.MethodsTwenty professional male volleyball players were enrolled. Bilateral and left/right single-leg countermovement jump trials were recorded concurrently using VALD ForceDecks, MyJump Lab 3, and Baiobit. VALD impulse–momentum-derived jump height was used as the reference outcome. Agreement analyses compared MyJump Lab 3 and Baiobit with VALD using bias, limits of agreement, ICC(2,1), SEM, and MDC95. Test–retest reliability was assessed between two sessions separated by 12 days. Sensitivity analyses examined VALD flight-time-derived height, MyJump flight time, best-trial values, and strict quality-control exclusions.ResultsMyJump Lab 3 systematically overestimated VALD impulse–momentum jump height by +1.88 to +4.16 cm. This discrepancy was markedly attenuated when VALD flight-time-derived height was used as the reference, while MyJump flight-time bias was negligible, indicating a calculation-method effect rather than temporal event-detection error. Baiobit showed smaller mean bias in some single-leg conditions but poorer individual-level agreement, with wider limits of agreement and less consistent absolute-agreement ICCs. VALD showed the strongest bilateral CMJ reliability (ICC = 0.929; MDC95 = 2.79 cm), whereas single-leg reliability was generally lower.ConclusionCommercially available jump-testing systems can lead to method-dependent differences in the interpretation of neuromuscular performance. Device-, task-, and metric-specific measurement error should be considered before using jump-height changes to infer readiness, fatigue, or adaptation in professional male volleyball players.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1852707</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1852707</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Sternocleidomastoid muscle morphology is independently associated with neck strength and endurance in athletes and para-athletes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Sandra Rozenstoka</author><author>Elena Comadran de Barnola</author><author>Santa Kauzena</author><author>Gundega Akuratere</author><author>Zinta Galeja</author><author>Daira Deicmane</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundNeck functional capacity is clinically relevant in sports medicine for performance support, screening, and injury prevention in sports characterized by acceleration, contact, and sustained precision demands. Ultrasound can quantify local muscle morphology and may improve interpretation of neck performance beyond crude anthropometry (e.g., neck girth) and global strength indicators.ObjectiveTo determine whether sternocleidomastoid (SCM) cross-sectional area (CSA) and neck anthropometry are associated with neck function (strength, endurance, range of motion), and whether SCM morphology explains function beyond age, BMI, general strength (handgrip), and sport-domain context in a male cohort of athletes, para-athletes, and physically active controls.MethodsCross-sectional comparative study (n=195 men) including athletes across sport domains, para-athletes, and controls. Outcomes were isometric neck strength (flexor and extensor), neck flexor endurance, and active neck ROM. SCM CSA was assessed by standardized musculoskeletal ultrasound; neck girth served as an anthropometric comparator. Analyses included Pearson correlations and adjusted linear regression models controlling for age and BMI. Explanatory value beyond general strength was evaluated by adding handgrip strength, and independence from sport-domain context by adding sport domain as a covariate.ResultsSCM CSA correlated positively with flexor strength (r=0.34, p<0.001), extensor strength (r=0.25, p<0.001), and flexor endurance (r=0.28, p<0.001), and showed a weak inverse association with extension ROM (r=−0.17, p=0.017). In adjusted models (age, BMI), SCM CSA was independently associated with flexor strength (β=1.32 kg per cm²; p<0.001) and flexor endurance (β=0.53 min per cm²; p<0.001), but not extensor strength. SCM CSA remained associated with flexor strength and endurance after adjustment for handgrip strength and sport domain. Additional within- versus between-domain analysis supported a within-domain SCM association for flexor strength and endurance rather than a purely between-domain aggregation effect. Neck girth did not provide comparable independent explanatory value for strength or endurance outcomes.ConclusionsSCM morphology is independently associated with neck performance, particularly flexor strength and endurance. Ultrasound-based SCM assessment provides measurable but limited additional information beyond neck girth, handgrip strength, and sport-domain context. These findings support its cautious use as an adjunct measure alongside objective cervical functional testing, rather than as a stand-alone screening tool.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1833719</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1833719</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Study-level age patterns in cardiometabolic response to high-intensity interval training among adults with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Ping Lin</author><author>Gang Xu</author><author>Xia Li</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundHIIT is a time-efficient exercise strategy for adults with overweight or obesity, but trial findings are heterogeneous and whether age independently modifies cardiometabolic response remains uncertain.MethodsPubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched from inception to December 2025. Random-effects meta-analyses estimated weighted mean differences for SBP and DBP in mmHg and standardized mean differences for lipid and anthropometric outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals and prediction intervals where available. Additional Stata analyses included funnel plots, Egger tests for all six outcomes, trim-and-fill analysis for BW and BMI, exploratory study-level meta-regression using continuous mean age and intervention duration, and GRADE assessment.ResultsNineteen trials involving 570 participants were included. HIIT was associated with reductions in SBP, DBP, TG, BW, and BMI and an increase in HDL-C; overall heterogeneity was moderate to substantial (I² range, 46.77%–87.07%). Egger tests suggested small-study effects for BW and BMI, but not SBP, DBP, HDL-C and TG. Trim-and-fill imputed no studies for BW and BMI. Mean age was associated with TG effects and duration was associated with HDL-C effects in univariable models. Certainty of evidence was low for SBP and very low for the remaining outcomes.ConclusionHIIT was associated with favorable average cardiometabolic changes in adults with overweight or obesity, but substantial heterogeneity, low-to-very-low certainty and possible small-study effects findings require cautious interpretation. The available evidence supports the hypothesis that trial-level mean age may be associated with differential responses, rather than proving age as a definitive individual-level effect modifier.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD420261279689.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1903705</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1903705</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of exercise interventions on fall-related functional performance in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or low bone mass: a systematic review and meta-analysis with an exploratory analysis of reported consistency with ACSM recommendations]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Shixian Li</author><author>Neng Pan</author><author>Lulu Niu</author><author>Min Yao</author><author>Shuai Zhao</author><author>Chenming Liu</author><author>Dongying Li</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of exercise on fall-related functional performance in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or low bone mass and to explore whether intervention effects differed according to the reported consistency of the exercise prescription with American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendations.MethodsSix electronic databases were searched from inception to 3 May 2026. Immediate post-intervention mean differences for the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and 30-second sit-to-stand test (30STS) were pooled using inverse-variance random-effects models with restricted maximum likelihood estimation, Hartung–Knapp inference, and prediction intervals. Prespecified exercise-prescription components were classified as meeting, unclear or unreported, or not meeting the ACSM criteria.ResultsEighteen trials contributed 21 intervention arms. Exercise improved TUG performance (MD = −1.57 s, 95% CI −2.52 to −0.63; I² = 88.5%) and 30STS performance (MD = 3.88 repetitions, 95% CI 1.93 to 5.83; I² = 87.6%). The estimated effect on BBS was highly uncertain (MD = 3.37 points, 95% CI −2.68 to 9.43; I² = 83.6%). Formal tests found no evidence of a difference between the high and low/uncertain reported-consistency groups for TUG (p = 0.733), BBS (p = 0.985), or 30STS (p = 0.262). Prediction intervals crossed the null for all three outcomes. Certainty of evidence was low for TUG and 30STS and very low for BBS.ConclusionExercise may improve functional mobility and repeated sit-to-stand performance, whereas the effect on BBS remains highly uncertain. The available analyses do not demonstrate superior effects for interventions with higher reported consistency with ACSM recommendations; the subgroup findings are exploratory.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261353752, identifier CRD420261353752.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1867073</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1867073</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Optimal exercise dose for resistance training to improve HbA1c levels in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and a Bayesian network meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Huarui Li</author><author>Shidong Yang</author><author>Xuefeng Wang</author><author>Zhiwei Wang</author><author>Wei Zhang</author><author>Xuehai Zhang</author><author>Shouliang Huang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundThe high prevalence of overweight or obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is strongly associated with impaired quality of life and an increased risk of long-term complications. Poor glycemic control remains a fundamental clinical challenge in this population. Although resistance training (RT) is an effective intervention for improving HbA1c levels, the optimal dosing parameters​ (e.g., frequency, intensity, volume) have not been systematically established. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to investigate the dose-response relationships​ between various RT regimens and HbA1c reduction in overweight or obese individuals with T2DM.MethodsThis systematic review and network meta-analysis, conducted by searching PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, included randomized controlled trials on resistance training in patients with T2DM who were overweight or obese, conducted from the inception of the databases through January 19, 2026. Comprehensive data extraction covered training dose, resistance training protocols, participants’ demographic characteristics, and study duration.ResultsA total of 10 studies involving 633 participants (mean age: 60.03 ± 7.77 years; mean BMI: 30.69 ± 6.64; Male: 32.7%) were included in this study. The results of our network meta-analysis showed that resistance training variables (e.g., frequency, intensity, period, and training volume) were effective in improving HbA1c in overweight or obese patients with T2DM. Among them, the effective dose range for frequency of resistance training was 3 times/week, resistance training intensity was 30-62%, resistance training period was 17–23 weeks, resistance training time was 45 minutes per session, resistance training exercises was 10 exercises per set, resistance training repetitions was 13–18 reps, resistance training sets was 2–4 sets, resistance training volume was 1000–2100 reps per week. the analysis suggested a potential optimum around of resistance training to improve HbA1c in overweight or obese patients with T2DM is 3 times/week (MD=-0.35, 95% CrI [-0.62, -0.08]), 44% 1RM (MD=-0.41, 95% CrI [-0.74, -0.08]), 23 weeks (MD = −0.35, 95% CrI [−0.68, −0.02]), 45min (MD = −0.32, 95% CrI [−0.62, −0.01]), 10 exercises (MD = −0.32, 95% CrI [−0.63, −0.01]), 18 reps (MD=-0.38; 95% CrI [-0.74, -0.02]), 3 sets (MD=−0.36, 95% CrI [−0.63, −0.10]), 1,500 reps/week (MD = −0.51, 95% CrI [−0.86, −0.15]).ConclusionResistance training effectively improvesHbA1c in overweight or obese patients with T2DM. A recommended 23-week program includes 3 sessions per week at 44% 1RM, 45min per session, featuring 10 exercises per set, 3 sets, and 18 repetitions per exercise, totaling up to 1500 reps weekly.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD420261341070.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1900931</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1900931</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Intra-positional technical performance under different physical demands in elite football: a comparison between most demanding passage and extremely demanding passage]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zunqi Niu</author><author>Zhaoyang Wang</author><author>Yuntao Wang</author><author>Iyán Iván-Baragaño</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThis study investigated positional differences in technical performance between the Most Demanding Passage (MDP) and the Extremely Demanding Passage (EDP) in elite football. EDP was defined as the top 5% of match phases based on position-specific high-intensity running (HIR) distributions.MethodsA total of 4,102 outfield player observations from 176 Chinese Super League matches were analysed, including 3,664 MDP and 438 EDP observations. Technical indicators were compared between MDP and EDP using both bivariate statistical analysis and a Random Forest classifier combined with SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) to identify the most influential variables contributing to differences between conditions.ResultsSignificant intra-positional differences were found. Central defenders increased short-pass accuracy (p < .001, ES = 0.62) and ball-carrying distance (p = .01, ES = 0.52), while reducing long passes (p < .001, ES = –0.44). Full-backs exhibited lower long-pass volume (p < .001, ES = 0.57) and forward pass length (p < .001, ES = 0.48). Central midfielders recorded fewer successful long passes (p < .001, ES = 0.34) and more ball losses (p = .03, ES = 0.30). Forwards showed declines in lateral passing (p = .02, ES = 0.37) and individual possession time (p = .002, ES = 0.36). Wide midfielders exhibited minimal changes between conditions. The Random Forest and SHAP analysis further indicated that passing actions (e.g., short passes, long passes) and ball progression behaviours (e.g., ball carrying) were the primary contributors to distinguishing EDP from MDP across playing positions. DiscussionOverall, these results suggest that technical performance varies in a position-dependent manner under extreme physical demands, highlighting the importance of role-specific training strategies that replicate high-intensity match conditions.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1847856</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1847856</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Load-specific post-activation performance enhancement from back squats in male collegiate basketball players: moderate loads preferentially enhance jump performance and lower-limb EMG activation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zhan Gao</author>
        <description><![CDATA[PurposeTo compare the acute effects of pre-activation with different loads of back squat on multiple jumping performances and lower limb electromyographic (EMG) activity in male collegiate basketball players, and to provide evidence for load selection and timing of pre-game warm-up activation.MethodsIn a randomized, parallel-group controlled design, 40 male collegiate basketball players meeting inclusion criteria were assigned to 70%, 80%, 90% 1RM squat groups and a control group. Each experimental group performed 3 sets × 4 repetitions of parallel back squat as a conditioning activity (CA), while the control group rested quietly. Countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), approach vertical jump (AVJ), and standing long jump (SLJ) were assessed before intervention and at 4, 8, and 12 min post-intervention. Ground reaction force and surface EMG of 8 muscles on the dominant lower limb were recorded simultaneously during CMJ and SJ. Jump height/distance, reactive strength index (RSI), elastic utilization ratio (EUR), and EMG root mean square (RMS) were calculated. A 4 (group) × 4 (time point) repeated-measures ANOVA was applied.ResultsJumping performance showed significant main effects of time under different squat loads, with peak post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) mainly occurring at 8–12 min post-CA. Compared with 90% 1RM, the 70%–80% 1RM groups exhibited more stable improvements in CMJ, SJ, AVJ, and RSI, along with more consistent within-muscle increases in normalized RMS for rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), and lateral gastrocnemius (LG), with minor changes in EUR.ConclusionModerate-load back squat CA induces marked PAPE in male collegiate basketball players within a short time window, with 8–12 min being the optimal period for performance enhancement. Within the load range of this study, moderate-to-high intensity squat appears more effective than high-intensity conditions in acutely improving jumping performance and enhancing within-muscle normalized EMG responses in selected lower-limb muscles. Descriptively, considering static and reactive jump indices and EMG outcomes together, 80% 1RM showed a favorable overall response pattern in this sample, without implying direct statistical superiority over 70% 1RM These findings provide a reference for optimizing basketball-specific warm-up activation programs.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1871948</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1871948</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Exercise triggers integrated lipid, sphingolipid and purine metabolic alterations in midlife women]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shamma Almuraikhy</author><author>Maha Sellami</author><author>Khaled Naja</author><author>Najeha Anwardeen</author><author>Haya Al-Sulaiti</author><author>Husam Eldin Elhag Abugabr Elhag</author><author>Mohamed A. Elrayess</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundRegular moderate physical activity helps prevent cardiometabolic diseases, yet the underlying molecular pathways, particularly in women in early to mid-adulthood, remain incompletely understood. Women aged 30–50 years undergo hormonal and metabolic transitions that may modify both cardiometabolic risk and responsiveness to exercise. This study investigated exercise-induced changes in serum metabolic signatures in women aged 30–50 years following 8 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training (MAT).MethodThirty-nine healthy pre-menopause females (30–50 years) with a BMI of 26.5–33.5 kg/m2 completed an 8-week supervised moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after the intervention. Serum targeted quantitative metabolic profiling and clinical traits were assessed.ResultsUnivariate analysis revealed a coordinated post-exercise upregulation of dihydroceramides, glycosylceramides, ceramides, acylcarnitines (e.g., C14:2, C3-DC/C4-OH), diacylglycerols(DG 16:0_20:4, DG O-18:2_18:2),triacylglycerols, selected cholesterol esters (e.g., CE 20:3), cystine, and the nucleobase-related metabolite xanthine, alongside decreases in specific phosphatidylcholines species (PC O-30:2, PC O-28:0, PC O-30:0, PC 42:2, LPC 26:0), the amino acid serine, and CE 14:0,decrease in DG 18:1_18:1, CE 14:1, CE 14:0 and the amino acid–related metabolite cystine. Post-exercise correlation analysis identified distinct associations between metabolic profiles and clinical traits, with higher physical activity (metabolic equivalent of task, MET) positively linked to selected ceramide species (Cer d18:1/16:0, Cer d18:2/18:0).ConclusionModerate aerobic exercise in midlife women elicits a coordinated serum metabolomic response characterized by remodeling of lipid and sphingolipid pathways, increased fatty acid related mitochondrial handling, and elevated energy/redox turnover. The upregulation of dihydroceramides, glycosylceramides, ceramides, acylcarnitines, glycerolipids, cholesterol esters, and xanthine, together with reductions in specific phosphatidylcholines, cystine and serine, supports an exercise-induced “lipid sphingolipid energy stress” signature. Distinct associations of ceramide, glyceride, and purine species with MET, insulin indices, BMI, HDL, and catalase further suggest that these metabolites are promising candidate markers of exercise adaptation in midlife women.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1856143</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1856143</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Thermoregulation in hot-dry and warm-humid heat stress during cycling among males]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xiujing Zhao</author><author>Brendon P. McDermott</author><author>Cory L. Butts</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionHot-dry (HD) and warm-humid (WH) environments with equivalent wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) may be expected to produce similar physiological strain; however, previous studies have reported divergent thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses. This study compared heat storage, thermal, and cardiovascular responses between HD and WH conditions with matched WBGT during cycling. MethodsTen healthy, active, non-heat-acclimatized males completed two randomized crossover trials consisting of 60 minutes of cycling at an individualized workload corresponding to 55% of peak power output in HD (39.2°C, 30% relative humidity [RH]) and WH (34.2°C, 55% RH) conditions with equivalent WBGT (~30°C). Heat storage, dry heat loss (DHL), and evaporative heat loss (EHL) were estimated using partitional calorimetry. Rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tsk), and cardiovascular responses were measured throughout the trials.ResultsNo condition differences were observed for cumulative heat storage, Tre, heart rate, blood pressure, or forearm skin blood flux (all p > .050). Tsk (HD: 36.28 ± 0.67°C, WH: 35.89 ± 0.70°C; p = .030, ηp² = .465) and EHL (HD: 450 ± 53 W, WH: 319 ± 30 W; p < .001, ηp² = .932) were greater in HD, whereas DHL was greater in WH (HD: −80 ± 25 W; WH: 48 ± 25 W; p < .001, ηp² = .950). Conclusion: Despite similar heat storage and cardiovascular strain, matched-WBGT environments altered the mechanisms of heat exchange. Thus, ambient temperature, humidity, and workload should be considered alongside WBGT when monitoring heat strain and selecting heat-mitigation strategies.ConclusionDespite similar heat storage and cardiovascular strain, matched-WBGT environments altered the mechanisms of heat exchange. Thus, ambient temperature, humidity, and workload should be considered alongside WBGT when monitoring heat strain and selecting heat-mitigation strategies.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1882530</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1882530</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Urban–rural differences in BMI status, 24-hour movement guideline compliance, executive functions, and motor skills in preschool children: a cross-sectional study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Mohamed Amine Ltifi</author><author>Sonia Meksi</author><author>Abdulazeem Alotaibi</author><author>Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundEarly childhood is a critical developmental period during which weight status, 24-hour movement behaviors (MB), executive functions (EF), and motor skills (MS) interact to influence long-term health and development. However, few studies have simultaneously examined these domains among preschool children in North African countries, particularly considering urban–rural differences. Therefore, this study investigated urban–rural differences in body mass index (BMI) categories, 24-hour MB, EF, and MS among Tunisian preschool children.MethodsA cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Tunisian preschool children. The sample included 112 children, of whom 74 were from urban areas and 38 from rural areas (50 boys and 62 girls), aged 4–5 years (mean age: 4.10 ± 0.58 years). BMI categories were defined according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Anthropometric measurements were used to calculate BMI-for-age z-scores and classify children as below normal, normal, or above normal. Twenty-four-hour MB, including physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep, were objectively assessed using accelerometers over five consecutive days. EF (inhibition and working memory) were assessed using standardized cognitive tests. Gross MS were evaluated using the Supine Timed Up and Go, One-Leg Standing Balance, Hand Grip Dynamometer, and Standing Long Jump tests, while fine MS were assessed using the 9-Hole Pegboard Test.ResultsSignificant differences between BMI categories were found for most anthropometric variables. Children with BMI above normal showed higher body weight and BMI-for-age z-scores. No significant differences were observed for accelerometer-derived MB, EF, or MS. However, BMI categories were associated with adherence to some 24-hour movement recommendations. While 76.4% met physical activity guidelines and 81.3% met sleep recommendations, only 18% adhered to all integrated guidelines.ConclusionsThese findings suggest associations between BMI categories and anthropometric differences, while no clear associations were observed with variations in MB, EF, or motor competence. Urban–rural differences in adherence to some movement recommendations suggest a potential role of environmental context in children’s daily behaviors. Given the cross-sectional and observational design, results should be interpreted with caution. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the complex interactions between weight status, MB, cognitive development, and MS in early childhood.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1877336</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1877336</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Partial ischemia as molecular medicine: molecular mechanisms and clinical horizons of blood flow restriction training]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Sirui Wang</author><author>Taiwei Guo</author><author>Yating Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundBlood flow restriction (BFR) exercise combines low-intensity contractions with partial arterial inflow restriction and venous occlusion to generate a localized hypoxic, metabolite-rich milieu that activates a broad spectrum of molecular pathways.AimTo synthesize contemporary (2020–2026) evidence on the systemic molecular effects of BFR across skeletal-muscle, endocrine, cardiovascular, immune, and neuromuscular systems, and to connect these mechanisms to clinical practice.ApproachNarrative review supported by a structured PubMed/Web of Science/Scopus search prioritizing randomized trials and recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses.Key findingsBFR engages mTORC1 signaling, myostatin suppression, satellite-cell proliferation, HIF-1α stabilization, and angiogenic gene expression to produce hypertrophic and functional outcomes broadly comparable to high-load resistance training; it elicits acute endocrine (growth hormone, IGF-1, testosterone, catecholamines) and metabolic (lactate, reactive oxygen species, AMPK) responses, together with cardiovascular, immune, and neural adaptations whose systemic clinical magnitude is modest and population-dependent. It is worth noting that the hypertrophic and signaling effects described arise from low-load contraction performed under occlusion; neither section implies an anabolic effect of passive occlusion without contraction.ConclusionBFR is a mechanistically distinct and broadly applicable modality whose clinical value depends on rigorous individualization, careful safety stratification, and continued mechanistic investigation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1880612</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1880612</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Depth-specific responses to 8-week additional aquatic plyometric training on explosive performance and start-turn metrics in collegiate male swimmers]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Mian Xu</author><author>Minyue Hou</author><author>Junsheng Cao</author><author>Minyu Hu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundAquatic plyometric training (APT) may improve explosive performance while reducing impact loading; however, the extent to which immersion depth influences transfer to swimming-specific start and turn performance remains unclear. This exploratory randomized study compared depth-specific responses to 8 weeks of additional aquatic plyometric-style training performed at different immersion depths in collegiate male swimmers who maintained regular swim training.MethodsThirty collegiate male swimmers were randomized to shallow (knee/patella), mid-depth (waist/umbilicus), or deep (xiphoid/chest) APT groups. Participants completed two APT sessions per week for 8 weeks while maintaining regular swim training. Countermovement jump, squat jump, 15-m start time, turn 5-m in time, wall contact time, and turn 5-m out time were assessed before and after the intervention using high-speed video. Three trials were averaged for each outcome. Linear mixed-effects models were used to test group-by-time interactions, and within-rater reliability was assessed in a subsample of 10 participants.ResultsSignificant group-by-time interactions were observed for countermovement jump (p = 0.033), squat jump (p = 0.009), 15-m start time (p <0.001), and wall contact time (p = 0.016), indicating depth-dependent patterns of change. All groups showed favorable within-group changes in countermovement jump, squat jump, and 15-m start time, with the largest mean changes generally observed in the mid-depth group. Turn 5-m out time improved within groups, but the group-by-time interaction did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.095). No significant interaction was observed for turn 5-m in time (p = 0.457). Video-derived outcomes showed excellent within-rater reliability (ICC = 0.991-0.997; CV = 0.19%-1.40%).ConclusionIn collegiate male swimmers who maintained regular swim training, 8 weeks of additional APT was associated with favorable changes in lower-limb explosive performance and selected race-section metrics. Immersion depth appeared to influence the magnitude of adaptation, with the mid-depth condition showing larger mean changes in several outcomes, particularly compared with deep immersion, whereas differences between mid-depth and shallow immersion were less consistent. These findings should be interpreted as depth-specific responses to additional aquatic plyometric-style training performed alongside regular swim training, rather than as definitive evidence that APT alone caused the observed changes or is superior to other training approaches.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1803242</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1803242</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Association between dynamic changes in lumbar back temperature during professional driver training and lumbar muscle endurance: a longitudinal study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xiaolong Sang</author><author>Li Yi</author><author>Yuhan Tian</author><author>Zhibo Wang</author><author>Chaoyue Sun</author><author>Xin Wang</author><author>Wei Gu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveTo investigate the dynamic changes in lumbar-back temperature associated with low back pain (LBP) during the training period of professional drivers and its influencing factors, analyze the correlations of infrared thermal imaging parameters with lumbar muscle endurance and LBP symptoms.MethodsA longitudinal follow-up study was conducted involving 135 male truck driving trainees from a driving school. The follow-up period spanned four months, with four assessment points (T1-T4). Ultimately, 132 trainees (18–30 years; mean 22.6 ± 2.2 years) completed the full follow-up (effective rate: 97.8%). Infrared thermography was employed to measure mean lumbar-dorsal temperature, temperature gradients, Cumulative Heat Alteration (CHA) and Jumpwise Unevenness Estimation (JUE) in the lower back. Concurrently, lumbar muscle endurance tests and physical measurements were conducted, while low back pain symptoms and functional impact were assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, Pearson/Spearman correlation analysis, and multivariate linear regression, with a significance level of α=0.05.ResultsDuring training, the average lumbar-dorsal temperature initially increased gradually, then stabilized, before showing a marked decrease in the final phase; The lumbar temperature gradient continued to expand, with both group and individual temperature heterogeneity significantly increasing by the training’s conclusion (P<0.001). Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between lumbar muscle endurance test duration and both CHA scores (R = 0.2, P = 0.02) and JUE scores (R = 0.25, P = 0.004). After adjusting for confounding factors such as Body Mass Index (BMI), regular physical exercise and muscle percentage, lumbar muscle endurance was the only statistically significant independent factor affecting CHA (P = 0.033) and JUE (P = 0.015). BMI showed a marginal correlation (0.05<P<0.2), and other variables had no independent statistical association.ConclusionDuring professional driver training, characteristic dynamic changes occur in lumbar-back temperature, and these changes are independently associated with lower back muscle endurance. These metrics provide a non-invasive reference for exploring the relationship between lumbar muscle function and LBP. Targeted lumbar endurance training combined with appropriate BMI management can support lumbar health protection for professional drivers and some sedentary populations.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1792091</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1792091</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Comparative effectiveness of resistance training modalities after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Jian Chen</author><author>Yuxiang Wu</author><author>Hui Xu</author><author>Yangliang Ren</author><author>Renjun Yang</author><author>Sijia Yao</author><author>Wanpei Luo</author><author>Jianping Yi</author><author>Xu He</author><author>Lin Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundAfter anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), resistance training is essential, yet the comparative effectiveness of specific approaches remains uncertain. The objective was to compare the effectiveness of commonly used resistance training modalities after ACLR on quadriceps strength, quadriceps mass, knee function, and health-related quality of life (QoL).MethodsPubMed, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to 30 September 2025 for randomized controlled trials in adults or adolescents after primary ACLR. Eligible studies compared modality-dominant resistance-based rehabilitation with standard multimodal postoperative rehabilitation or other resistance approaches and reported quadriceps strength, quadriceps mass, knee function, or QoL. The standard multimodal rehabilitation comparator was interpreted as usual rehabilitation practice rather than absence of exercise or resistance training. A random-effects network meta-analysis estimated standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals and ranked treatments using surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA).ResultsTwenty-two trials (n = 797) were included. For quadriceps strength, blood flow restriction training (BFRT) ranked first (SUCRA 81.7) and exceeded standard multimodal rehabilitation (CON) (SMD 0.40; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.73). For quadriceps mass, BFRT ranked first (SUCRA 79.1) and exceeded CON (SMD 0.82; 95% CI 0.11 to 1.53). For knee function, isokinetic training (IKT) had the highest-ranking probability (SUCRA 87.7), but pairwise differences among active modalities were not statistically significant, indicating no clear evidence of clinical superiority. For QoL, eccentric training (ET) ranked first (SUCRA 87.4) and improved QoL versus CON (SMD 1.31; 95% CI 0.01 to 2.63).ConclusionPost-ACLR resistance prescription should be outcome-oriented. BFRT may be considered when the primary target is recovery of quadriceps strength and mass, particularly compared with usual standard multimodal rehabilitation. IKT may be considered when aiming to improve knee function, but current evidence does not confirm its superiority over other active modalities. ET may be considered when improving QoL is a major rehabilitation goal, although this finding should be interpreted cautiously given the limited certainty of evidence. These findings should be understood as comparisons between modality-dominant programs and standard multimodal rehabilitation, and may help inform individualized rehabilitation planning following ACLR.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD420251182456.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1908148</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1908148</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of post-exercise compression garments on subsequent endurance performance and delayed-onset muscle soreness in endurance athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-31T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Magdalena Hagner-Derengowska</author><author>John Xerri de Caro</author><author>Zofia Dziecioł-Anikiej</author><author>Agnieszka Sozańska</author><author>Duško Bjelica</author><author>Carla Gonçalves</author><author>Robert Trybulski</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveTo evaluate whether post-exercise compression garments improve subsequent endurance performance and delayed-onset or perceived muscle soreness in adult endurance athletes.MethodsThis systematic review and meta-analysis searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science through 19 May 2026 for controlled intervention studies comparing post-exercise compression garments with no compression, usual clothing, sham/placebo, passive recovery, or lower-pressure controls. RoB 2 and GRADE assessed risk of bias and certainty. Soreness was synthesized as Hedges g using random-effects models with Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman inference; performance was synthesized narratively. The protocol was registered in Open Science Framework (osf.io/46ck9).ResultsOf 503 records screened, nine studies were included (158 participants; six crossover, three parallel-group). All studies included in the final evidence base were randomized parallel-group or crossover trials. Ten of 11 assessments were high risk. At approximately 24 hours, soreness favored compression but was uncertain (four studies; Hedges g = 0.62, 95% CI -0.57 to 1.82; I2 = 74.0%). Immediate-to-2-hour acute post-exercise perceived soreness/discomfort was also uncertain (three studies; g = 0.38, 95% CI -0.67 to 1.42; I2 = 51.0%). Performance findings were not pooled because of heterogeneity or non-isolatable recovery effects. Certainty was very low.ConclusionsSoreness estimates were directionally favorable to compression, but the evidence was very uncertain, statistically imprecise, and vulnerable to expectation effects because blinding was limited or poorly credible. Effects on subsequent endurance performance remain unresolved. Registration: OSF osf.io/46ck9 on 14/05/2026.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://osf.io/b3c78/overview, identifier osf.io/46ck9.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1861105</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1861105</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effect of virtual reality technology on balance ability intervention in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-31T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Xianyou Cui</author><author>Junhua Tang</author><author>Yuxuan Ying</author><author>Meng Tao</author><author>Hong Sun</author><author>Hailong Jiao</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveThis study is aimed at the assessment of the efficacy of virtual reality (VR) technology in improving balance ability among patients with stroke and analyze the potential moderating effects of participant characteristics, training programs, and other factors on interventions.MethodsAn exhaustive search for published papers up to February 2025 was conducted across five electronic databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of VR on balance ability in stroke patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to synthesize effect sizes using the standardized mean difference (SMD, Hedges’g). Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore sources of heterogeneity.ResultsMeta analyses identified four principal findings. (1) BBS: VR significantly improved scores across 14 studies (SMD = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.23–0.88, P < 0.05), with the VR+CT subgroup showing the largest effect (SMD = 0.89). (2) TUG: VR significantly enhanced performance in 17 studies (SMD = −0.29, 95% CI: −0.53 to −0.05, P < 0.05); the VR+CT subgroup was optimal (SMD = −0.66, I2 = 36%). Egger’s test indicated publication bias (P < 0.05), and trim-and-fill correction reduced the effect size. (3) FRT: VR showed no significant benefit in 4 studies (SMD = 0.36, 95% CI: −0.06 to 0.77, P > 0.05). (4) 10MWT: VR showed a borderline, non-significant positive trend in 6 studies (SMD = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.00–0.74, P = 0.05, I2 = 36%).ConclusionVR intervention may improve selected balance-related outcomes in stroke patients, especially when combined with conventional rehabilitation. VR significantly enhances BBS and TUG outcomes, shows a borderline positive trend on 10MWT, but has no significant effect on FRT. With good safety and high compliance, VR is a feasible adjunct for stroke rehabilitation. The evidence certainty is moderate to low; future large−sample, high−quality RCTs are needed to verify long−term efficacy and support clinical application.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD420251266836.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1906583</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1906583</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Comparative and dose-response effects of supplementary exercise training on VO2max in trained athletes: a Systematic Review and Bayesian network meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Dongze Li</author><author>Fanli Zhou</author><author>Xinshu Li</author><author>Kong Shibo</author><author>Jie Wang</author><author>Xinmiao Feng</author><author>Jiezhong Wu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundMaximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is a critical determinant of endurance performance in athletes, yet the comparative effectiveness and dose-response profiles of different supplementary exercise training modalities remain incompletely characterized. This systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis aimed to compare 11 exercise training modalities for improving VO2max in healthy athletes, examine dose-response relationships, explore effect modification by sport type, and evaluate study-level moderators using network meta-regression.MethodsFour databases were searched for randomized controlled trials. Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA), Bayesian network meta-regression, and dose-response NMA were conducted. Confidence in the evidence was assessed using the Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis framework.ResultsSixty-one studies were included in the systematic review; 60 contributed to the main NMA and 31 to the dose-response NMA. Five exercise modalities were significantly superior to the active control condition, which consisted of maintaining regular sport-specific training without additional supplementary intervention: blood flow restriction training, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), intermittent hypoxic training, sprint interval training (SIT), and small-sided games (SSG). HIIT and SIT showed the most consistent overall support, although sparse subgroup findings remained exploratory. The dose-response analysis suggested that the modelled significant regions extended across the observed supplementary exercise dose ranges for HIIT, SIT, and SSG. Bayesian network meta-regression showed no clear effect modification by age, baseline VO2max, or intervention duration.ConclusionsGiven the predominantly low to very low certainty of evidence, the findings should be interpreted cautiously. HIIT and SIT appeared to be the most consistently supported supplementary modalities for improving VO2max in trained athletes, but these model-based findings require confirmation in larger, higher-quality head-to-head trials with common active control groups and standardized VO2max methodology.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261360986, identifier CRD420261360986.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1867188</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1867188</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A Compensatory-Topology and Relay-Gating Graph Network for multimodal stroke rehabilitation assessment]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Haoge Zhu</author><author>Boyuan Wang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Accurate assessment of motor function is central to stroke rehabilitation. However, automated assessment remains challenging because task completion must be distinguished from compensatory movement, and skeletal and inertial sensors capture different aspects of movement. We propose CTCG-Net, a multimodal spatio-temporal graph framework for therapist-assisted rehabilitation assessment. The framework combines a compensation-aware Prior-Guided ST-GCN with Kinematic Relay Gating, which uses synchronised IMU dynamics to modulate skeletal features. A Spatially Decoupled Regression Head estimates Primary Outcome (PO) and Control Factor (CF) scores separately. On a public multimodal rehabilitation benchmark, CTCG-Net achieved the lowest average errors among the evaluated methods, with a MAD of 0.4001 and an RMSE of 0.5026. Ablation, agreement, robustness, topology, and saliency analyses indicated that the compensation-aware topology and relay gating contributed complementary information to PO and CF estimation. CTCG-Net is intended to support quantitative, clinician-supervised rehabilitation monitoring rather than autonomous diagnosis.]]></description>
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