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        <title>Frontiers in Physiology | Exercise Physiology section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/sections/exercise-physiology</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Exercise Physiology section in the Frontiers in Physiology journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
        <generator>Frontiers Feed Generator,version:1</generator>
        <pubDate>2026-05-13T06:21:59.423+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1800107</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1800107</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The impact of advanced footwear technology on running performance and pacing in world marathon majors]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yuya Maruo</author><author>Kensuke Takezawa</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThis study investigated the impact of Advanced Footwear Technology (AFT) on marathon performance and pacing strategies within the World Marathon Majors (WMM). While AFT is known to improve running economy (RE), it remains unclear whether AFT enhances overall running velocity across the race or primarily alters pacing strategies.MethodsWe analyzed the top 10 performances from the Berlin, Chicago, London, New York City, and Tokyo marathons across two periods: the non-AFT era (2013–2015) and the standardized AFT era (2022–2025). There were 221 male athletes and 211 female athletes. To examine differences in pacing patterns between groups, linear mixed-effects models were applied.ResultsAFT significantly improved total finish time for both men (approximately 1.7%) and women (approximately 4.0%). In men, LMM revealed significantly higher performance during the AFT era; however, a decline in running velocity over distance was observed in both groups. In women, the LMM showed a significantly greater decline in running velocity with distance in the AFT era than in the non-AFT era, after accounting for race and athlete variability.DiscussionThis study demonstrated that AFT is associated with improved marathon performance. In men, AFT is associated with higher running velocities but does not appear to substantially alter pacing patterns. In women, AFT leads to faster initial velocity followed by a steeper late-race decline, indicating a more aggressive pacing strategy and premature deceleration. These findings highlight that optimal initial pacing has become increasingly critical in the AFT era.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1804907</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1804907</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Time-course of post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) following multi-dimensional elastic band vs. heavy resistance exercise]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yiming Liu</author><author>Xinmao Zou</author><author>Dong Lu</author><author>Ning Xu</author><author>Mengqi Chen</author><author>Liming Zhu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[PurposeThis study compared the acute time-course effects of a Multi-dimensional Elastic Band (MEB) activation protocol versus a traditional Heavy Barbell Squat (HBS) protocol on lower limb explosive performance, aiming to identify optimal recovery windows.MethodsSixteen trained male athletes (age: 19 ± 0.9 yrs) participated in a randomized crossover study consisting of three sessions: Control, HBS (4 reps at 90% 1RM), and MEB (continuous vertical jumps against elastic resistance). Countermovement jump (CMJ) height and Peak Power Output (PPO) were measured at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 minutes post-activation.ResultsA significant condition × time interaction was observed for CMJ height (p = 0.039), which was primarily driven by the divergent time-course trends between conditions in the early (3-6 min) and late (12-18 min) recovery phases. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05), while effect size analysis (HBS and MEB vs. Control at each time point) indicated practical improvements. The MEB protocol induced a rapid potentiation response, demonstrating moderate effect sizes in CMJ height and PPO as early as 3 minutes post-activation. In contrast, the HBS protocol exhibited delayed potentiation, with improvements appearing only after 9 minutes, likely due to residual fatigue.ConclusionMulti-dimensional elastic resistance is a time-efficient alternative for inducing Post-activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE), offering a rapid onset of practical potentiation (within 3 min) based on effect size analysis. These findings suggest MEB is particularly suitable for pre-competition warm-ups where recovery time is severely constrained.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1828195</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1828195</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The role of independent walking in the maturation of the spinal locomotor output in children with cerebral palsy]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Priscilla Avaltroni</author><author>Yury Ivanenko</author><author>Margherita Villani</author><author>Giulia Scordo</author><author>Francesca Sylos-Labini</author><author>Alessandra Medici</author><author>Carla Assenza</author><author>Daniela Morelli</author><author>Francesco Lacquaniti</author><author>Germana Cappellini</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The first two years of life are critical for the normal development of locomotor circuits. The emergence of independent walking (IW) during this period may reveal how the functional state of neural circuits develops in children with cerebral palsy (CP). In this cross-sectional study, we analysed the activation of eighteen lower limb muscles, corresponding neuromuscular modules, and spinal maps of motoneuron activity in 34 children with CP, in comparison with typically developing (TD) children. Consistency of common modules was used as a criterion for assessing the development of modularity of muscle activity patterns. We found a lack of maturation in children with CP prior to IW, which began late or never. These children exhibited diffused loci of motoneuron activity across lumbosacral segments prior to IW. They also showed two main basic modules, much like newborns, which were augmented to four main modules after IW. The findings indicate that, for IW, the developing spinal circuitry necessitates a differentiation of proximal and distal extensor activity, and an increase in the number of neuromuscular modules under the influence of corticospinal inputs. Early impairments in CP involve conservation of low dimensional control of locomotor movements until IW, suggesting a complex interplay between the maturation of neuromuscular modules and locomotor experience during a critical period of development.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1834329</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1834329</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Hematological, inflammatory, and hypoxia-responsive adaptations to 18-day normobaric live high-train low training in elite rowers]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Anna Kasperska</author><author>Hanna Dziewiecka</author><author>Wojciech Jankowski</author><author>Tomasz Mikulski</author><author>Ireneusz Czerniec</author><author>Anna Skarpańska-Stejborn</author><author>Joanna Ostapiuk-Karolczuk</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe Live High-Train Low (LH-TL) altitude training method may stimulate erythropoietin (EPO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production, contributing to hematological and physiological adaptations. This study aimed to investigate the effects of an 18-day LH-TL protocol on hematological, inflammatory, and hypoxia-responsive biomarkers in elite rowers.MethodsThirteen national-level male rowers were assigned to a hypoxic group (H; n = 8) or a control group (C; n = 5). The H group lived in normobaric hypoxic rooms for 18 days while training in normoxia. Levels of EPO, VEGF, C-reactive protein (CRP), and creatine kinase (CK) were measured along with hematological parameters at baseline, after 6, 12, and 18 days.ResultsEPO levels were higher in the hypoxic group after 18 days compared with the control group. Reticulocyte counts increased after 6 days (15.0 ± 6.2‰) and remained elevated after 18 days, indicating an early erythropoietic response. Hemoglobin showed a non-significant increasing trend, while hematocrit values were significantly higher in the hypoxic group after 18 days. RBC counts remained stable in the hypoxic group, while a slight decline was observed in the control group. VEGF concentrations did not change significantly over time or between groups, although a transient increase was observed around day 12. CRP levels increased after 6 and 18 days, indicating a transient inflammatory response without clinical signs of infection. WBC counts showed a significant group × time interaction, suggesting subtle modulation of immune function in response to LH-TL. CK levels decreased initially but increased again after 18 days, without evidence of excessive muscle damage.ConclusionThese findings indicate that the LH-TL protocol induces moderate hematological and inflammatory responses in elite rowers. LH-TL may support physiological adaptations relevant to endurance capacity; however, it also represents an additional physiological load that should be carefully monitored during training. Importantly, due to the absence of direct performance measures, the results should be interpreted in terms of physiological adaptations rather than improvements in athletic performance.Trial registration IDNCT06264193]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1810393</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1810393</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The effect of integrative neuromuscular training on physical fitness and punching performance in highly-trained male boxers]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Lei Zhang</author><author>Hanyi Li</author><author>Qiang Wei</author><author>Youlin Xiao</author><author>Qin Gao</author>
        <description><![CDATA[PurposeThis study investigates the effects of a 3-week Integrative Neuromuscular Training (INT) on the physical fitness and punching ability of male boxers preparing for international competitions.MethodsEighteen male amateur boxers from the Chinese national team (age: 22.50 ± 1.98 years; height: 182.22 ± 8.49 cm; weight: 75.97 ± 14.19 kg; training experience: 8.44 ± 1.61 years), categorized into lightweight, middleweight, and heavyweight (six athletes per category), completed a 3-week INT program including resistance strength, plyometric, core stability, functional, speed, and coordination/agility training.ResultsIn the physical fitness testing, significant improvements were observed in the bench press (P<0.001, ES = 1.13), squat (P<0.001, ES = 1.72), countermovement jump testing (P<0.001, ES = 1.14), 400-m sprint (P<0.001, ES = 1.26), 1-minute hexagon jump (P<0.001, ES = 1.73), and 3-minute double-under testing (P = 0.001, ES = 1.73). No significant differences were found in the 30-m sprint (P = 0.593, ES = 0.13) and 3000-m run test (P = 0.144, ES = 0.36); in the punching performance testing, changes were considerable in the cross (P = 0.001, ES = 0.95), lead hook (P<0.001, ES = 1.26), lead uppercut (P = 0.003, ES = 0.80), jab (P = 0.009, ES = 0.70), and rear hook (P<0.001, ES = 1.98). The rear uppercut (P = 0.096, ES = 0.42) did not show a significant difference. Additionally, significant enhancements were observed in the 10-s cumulative punching power (P = 0.001, ES = 0.98), 30-s cumulative punching power (P = 0.009, ES = 0.70), and 3-minute cumulative punching power (P<0.001, ES = 1.12).ConclusionShort-term INT can effectively enhance the athletic performance of male boxers. An INT program implemented within the preparatory period is beneficial toward both fitness and punching ability, thus facilitating boxers to move more easily into high-load training.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1798606</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1798606</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The effects of 8 weeks of functional strength training and blood flow restriction training on lower limb muscle strength, maximal power, and movement quality in male sprinter college athletes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ji Zhu</author><author>Jiale Wang</author><author>Huangkun Chen</author><author>Ming Li</author><author>Yanlin Wang</author><author>Yihan Hu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveFunctional strength training (FST) combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) offers additional benefits in older adults and injured patients, but evidence in athletes is limited. This study aimed to determine whether adding BFR to FST improves lower limb muscle strength, power, and movement quality in male college sprinters.MethodsTwenty−eight male college sprinters were randomly assigned to an FST−BFR group (n = 14, age 20.17 ± 0.65 years) or an FST group (n = 14, age 19.98 ± 0.39 years). Both groups performed the same FST program for 8 weeks (3 sessions/week). The FST−BFR group wore cuffs set at 50% of arterial occlusion pressure. Pre− and post−intervention assessments included isokinetic knee strength at 60°·s-¹ and 300°·s-¹, countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), Wingate 30−s anaerobic test [average power (AP), peak power (PP), minimum power (MinP)], functional movement screen (FMS), and lower quarter Y−balance test (YBT). Data were analysed using two−way repeated−measures ANOVA (parametric) and Wilcoxon/Mann−Whitney tests (non−parametric).ResultsBoth groups improved over time in most measures (p < 0.05). A significant group × time interaction was observed for AP (F = 80.51, p < 0.001, η²p = 0.756), with the FST−BFR group showing a greater improvement (mean change +92.99 W vs. +34.72 W). For PP, 300°·s-¹ knee flexor strength, CMJ, and SJ, significant group × time interactions were found (p < 0.05), but simple effects analysis did not detect significant between−group differences at post−intervention (p > 0.05). No significant interactions were found for YBT, FMS, or other isokinetic variables (all p > 0.05).ConclusionEight weeks of FST, with or without BFR, was associated with significant improvements over time in isokinetic strength, movement quality, and dynamic balance in male college sprinters; however, in the absence of a no-intervention control group, these improvements cannot be directly attributed to the FST programme itself. The addition of BFR provided an additional benefit only for average power during the Wingate test.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1805547</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1805547</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effectiveness of moderate-to-low intensity exercise snacks on glucose and lipid metabolism in sedentary adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Zixuan Peng</author><author>Lu Peng</author><author>Wei Sun</author><author>Xuan Liu</author><author>Miaomiao Zhou</author><author>Meizhu Chen</author><author>Jiacheng Ren</author><author>Aona Chen</author><author>Chenggen Guo</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundThis study aims to examine the effects of moderate-to-low-intensity exercise snacks on glucose and lipid metabolism in sedentary adults and to identify the optimal exercise intervention protocol.MethodsWe systematically searched five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Wan fang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) from their inception to July 28, 2025, to identify randomized controlled trials evaluating exercise-based snacking interventions. Meta-analyses were performed using Stata (version 12.0) and R (version 4.5.0), with additional subgroup analyses, meta-regression, sensitivity analyses, and assessments of publication bias.ResultsA total of 15 studies comprising 334 participants were included. Meta-analysis demonstrated statistically significant effects of moderate-to-low intensity exercise on fasting plasma glucose [SMD=-0.52, 95%CI=(-0.93,-0.12), P = 0.012], total cholesterol [SMD=-0.33, 95%CI=(-0.62,-0.04), P = 0.026], triglycerides [SMD=-0.42, 95%CI=(-0.81,-0.02), P = 0.041] and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [SMD=-0.51, 95%CI=(-0.84,-0.18), P = 0.003]. In contrast, no significant effects were observed for fasting insulin[SMD=-0.13, 95%CI=(-0.68,0.43), P = 0.652] or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [SMD = 0.31, 95% CI=(-0.15,0.78), P = 0.104]. Subgroup analyses showed that walking, exercising more than five times per day, and acute interventions lasting ≤3 weeks were associated with greater improvements in fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides levels. In addition, total cholesterol improved more markedly when interruptions of sedentary behavior lasted >30 minutes and exercise bouts lasted >3 minutes. Meta-regression analyses further identified sample size and body mass index as significant moderators of fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides levels.ConclusionModerate-to-low-intensity exercise combined with exercise snacks significantly improved fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in sedentary adults, but had no significant effects on fasting insulin or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Moreover, walking, exercising more than five times per day, and maintaining the intervention for 1 to 3 weeks may be associated with greater improvements in glucose and lipid metabolism in this population.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD420251090803.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1789909</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1789909</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of long-term functional training combined with blood flow restriction training on athletic performance and body composition in basketball athletes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Di Wang</author><author>Moran Lyu</author><author>Zhiheng Li</author><author>Ming Li</author><author>Yuliu Tao</author><author>Aisong Zhu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundThis study examined the effects of a 24-week functional training (FT) and blood flow restriction combined with FT (BFR-FT) on athletic performance and body composition in athletes.MethodsTwenty-six male basketball players were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (EG) or the control group (CG). The CG performed FT, while the EG performed BFR-FT, both for 24 weeks. Assessments were conducted at seven time points, every 4 weeks, measuring 1RM half-squat, 1RM squat, vertical jump, 30m sprint, agility, 17-return shuttle run, body weight, and limb circumference and skinfold thickness.Results(1) Significant time × group interactions were observed for 1RM half−squat and speed (P < 0.01). The EG showed superior speed (weeks 12, 20, P < 0.01) and 1RM half−squat (week 8, P = 0.02; weeks 12–24, P < 0.01). For 1RM squat and endurance, both interaction and time effects were significant (P < 0.05). For explosive power and agility, only time effects were significant (P < 0.01). (2) Significant interactions were found for body weight (P = 0.04), thigh circumference (P < 0.01), and calf skinfold thickness (P = 0.02), and the main effects of time were also significant (P < 0.01). For calf circumference and thigh skinfold thickness, only time effects were significant (P < 0.01).]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1793768</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1793768</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Anatomical spatial-temporal distribution and multivariate risk of acute injuries in elite rugby: a cohort based on prospective surveillance]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zhuo Chen</author><author>Xue Wang</author><author>Xiaodong Mei</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundAcute injuries are common in rugby and threaten both player health and career longevity. Previous studies often focused on isolated risk factors, while limited research has comprehensively examined the interplay of physiological, environmental, and situational variables.MethodsStudy conducted A cohort study of 40 elite male players from the Tianjin Rugby Team was conducted, monitoring 575 match exposures across 2.5 consecutive seasons (2022–2025). Acute injuries were defined according to international consensus criteria and verified by medical staff. Spatiotemporal distributions (seasonal variation, match stage, playing position, and body site) were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression. Multivariate models were applied to identify independent risk factors, including demographic, training, and environmental variables.ResultsA total of 143 acute injury events were recorded, with bone and joint injuries most prevalent (48.2%), and the majority classified as moderate-to-severe (78.3%). Injury incidence rate rose significantly across seasons (127.9 per 1,000 player-hours in 2024/25 vs. 43.3 in 2022/23, representing a 1.83-fold increase), and advanced competition stages showed higher risks (OR for finals = 7.06 vs. group stage, p<0.001). GEE analysis demonstrated that the 2023/24 season, semi-finals and finals, forward position, no previous injury history, and higher training load were associated with elevated acute injury risk among rugby players (all P<0.05), while higher temperature served as a protective factor (P<0.001); age, BMI, exercise level, fatigue, and training years showed no significant effects.ConclusionsAcute injury risk in rugby demonstrates clear spatiotemporal patterns and is strongly influenced by both individual and environmental factors. The model developed provides a practical basis for targeted prevention strategies, including load management, environmental adaptation, and individualized recovery protocols. These findings can serve as a reference for coaches and medical teams at elite Chinese rugby clubs—particularly those adopting training-competition models—to optimize training and competition management.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1822610</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1822610</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of low-load blood flow restriction resistance training on lower limb morphology and functional performance in male college table tennis athletes: a three-arm randomized controlled trial]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Hongjian Qu</author><author>Hong Wang</author><author>Lei Zhao</author><author>Rui Sun</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundHigh-load resistance training (HL-RT) is commonly utilized to enhance performance in competitive table tennis athletes. Low-load blood flow restriction training (BFR-RT) has emerged as an alternative approach under lower mechanical loads. Considering the importance of explosive power and rapid movements in table tennis, it is essential to evaluate how BFR-RT compares with traditional HL-RT in terms of strength, muscle hypertrophy, jump, and sprint performance. This study aimed to directly compare the effects of HL-RT and BFR-RT in male college table tennis players.Methods24 male college table tennis players were randomly divided into a BFR-RT group (n=8), HL-RT group (n=8), or control group (CON, n=8). Both BFR-RT and HL-RT groups performed RT, including squats, leg presses, and leg extensions, twice weekly for eight weeks. The BFR-RT group performed training at 30% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) with blood flow restriction, while the HL-RT group trained at 80% 1RM. The CON group engaged solely in regular table tennis training. Outcome measures—1RM, quadriceps cross-sectional area (QCSA), countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and 10-meter sprint time (T10m)—were assessed at baseline and post-intervention.ResultsSignificant group × time interaction effects were observed for 1RM, QCSA, CMJ height, and T10m (all p < 0.01). The HL-RT group demonstrated a significantly greater increase in 1RM than the BFR-RT group (20.5% vs. 12.9%, p < 0.01). In contrast, improvements in QCSA (+10.1% vs. +9.5%), CMJ height (+11.2% vs. +10.5%), and T10m (−5.1% vs. −4.8%) did not differ significantly between groups (p > 0.05). The CON group showed no significant changes in any variable.ConclusionHL-RT appears to be effective for promoting strength development, while low-load BFR-RT may serve as a potential alternative to traditional HL-RT for enhancing muscle hypertrophy, as well as jump and sprint performance in competitive table tennis athletes.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1785061</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1785061</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A theoretic predictive model to simulate the interference effects of acute aerobic exercise on rate of force development in weightlifters]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Emidio E. Pistilli</author><author>Alan D. Mizener</author><author>Stuart A. Clayton</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionCompelling data supports the concept that concurrent strength and aerobic training can interfere with adaptations to strength training related to speed, power, and rate of force development (RFD). Studies on this topic have primarily utilized non-athlete participants, with data subsequently extrapolated to athlete populations. Since there may be hesitancy to have athletes involved in research on the interference effects of aerobic exercise on strength specific adaptations, we built a model to simulate these effects and developed an equation to predict interference. The hypothesis tested in this project was that aerobic exercise is the main driver of interference on weightlifting-associated RFD, and that this interference can be modeled to generate an equation to predict changes to RFD. MethodsPython software was used to generate the model, perform the simulation, and optimize variables that contribute to the interference effect. A theoretical nonlinear exponential interference model was created that simulates the changes in RFD from a force-time curve in response to acute aerobic exercise lasting from 2-minutes to 60-minutes in duration. ResultsRFD sensitivity to aerobic exercise was modeled such that maximal RFD values were predicted to be reduced by approximately 70% after aerobic exercise less than 10 minutes, with further predicted reductions of 80% with durations greater than 10-minutes.DiscussionThe prediction equation includes variables that can be adjusted by coaches, such as the rate of decay and the RFD scaling factor, to predict the interference of acute aerobic exercise on RFD in strength athletes. This would theoretically allow the coach to make informed decisions on training program design if there is a need to include aerobic exercise in a strength and/or power-based periodized plan. The simulation model described herein is theoretical and has not yet been empirically validated.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1796624</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1796624</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Exercise evokes retained motor performance without neuroprotection in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Henry M. Skelton</author><author>Nathaniel Hyman</author><author>Alejandra M. Fernandez</author><author>Emma Acerbo</author><author>Madison Scott</author><author>Ken Berglund</author><author>Claire-Anne Gutekunst</author><author>Robert E. Gross</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Exercise has been extensively studied in Parkinson’s Disease, with a particular focus on the potential for neuroprotection that has been demonstrated in animal models. While this preclinical work has provided insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms, it has not addressed the neurophysiological changes during exercise. Here, first, we tested for neuroprotective effects of adaptive wheel running exercise in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, assessing for dopamine cell preservation. Finding none, despite running performance that equaled the pre-parkinsonian state, we probed the neurophysiology of running exercise as a transient state of high motor function amidst an unameliorated Parkinsonian lesion. Exercise was associated with characteristic, excitatory changes in the dopamine-depleted substantia nigra, which could be suppressed along with running itself by dopamine receptor blockade. Going forward, the functional state evoked by exercise merits further study, as it has parallels in human disease and may represent an optimal physiologic target for neuromodulation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1820135</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1820135</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Biomechanical effects of squatting movements in Tai Chi on the knee joint]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Haibin Liu</author><author>Wenxiao He</author><author>Guang Yang</author><author>Suheng Li</author><author>Liqing Liu</author><author>Fan Gao</author><author>Shudong Yan</author><author>Ziyang Wang</author><author>Fengjie Ran</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundSquatting is essential for daily activities but may risk knee injury due to excessive loads. Tai Chi squatting (TCS), characterized by slow, controlled movements, is hypothesized to reduce joint load compared to standard squatting (SS), though biomechanical comparisons remain scarce. This study aimed to biomechanically compare TCS and SS, with a focus on knee joint kinematics, kinetics, muscle activation, and internal stress distribution.MethodsTwelve experienced Tai Chi practitioners (6 males, 6 females) participated in this study. Participants performed TCS and SS in a controlled laboratory setting. Three-dimensional kinematics were captured with a VICON system, ground reaction forces were measured using AMTI force platforms, and muscle activation was recorded via surface electromyography (sEMG) using the Noraxon Ultium EMG system. The data were processed with an OpenSim musculoskeletal model, and finite element analysis was conducted using Ansys SpaceClaim and Ansys Workbench to evaluate internal knee joint stress distributions.Results(1) Kinematics and Kinetics: Compared with SS, TCS produced a markedly smoother knee flexion–extension angle time profile (p < 0.001). TCS elicited significantly greater peak knee extension moments compared with SS (p < 0.001), particularly in male participants, and was associated with significantly elevated activation of the biceps femoris and sartorius, reflecting a shift toward posterior chain co-activation, resulting in a more balanced quadriceps-to-hamstring co-activation pattern. This tendency was particularly pronounced in female participants (p < 0.05). (2) Finite Element Stress Analysis: While the absolute difference in peak Von Mises stress on the femoral cartilage between SS and TCS was modest, TCS produced a qualitatively more homogeneous stress distribution across the articular surface, with the focal high-stress concentration pattern observed under SS notably attenuated. This improvement in load distribution morphology may carry greater functional relevance for long-term cartilage health than peak stress magnitude alone.ConclusionTCS promotes more balanced muscle co-activation and a more homogeneous intra-articular stress distribution compared with SS, potentially reducing the risk of localized cartilage fatigue, particularly in female practitioners. These findings support the integration of TCS into rehabilitation and conditioning programs.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1791522</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1791522</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Clinical evidence of exercise intervention in improving adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and frailty: a narrative literature review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Xiuli Mo</author><author>Zhengyu Duan</author><author>Weihong Zhang</author><author>Yongliang Jia</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundThe global aging process is accelerating with the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the elderly population. Frailty, a clinical syndrome closely related to age, is particularly prevalent in elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Previous studies indicated that some common mechanisms and exercise interventions may be an effective intervention for T2DM and frailty management.ObjectiveThis narrative literature review aimed to provide evidence to explore possible common mechanisms and the role of exercise in management of T2DM combined with frailty.MethodsPubMed was searched for mechanistic studies. PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exploring exercise for T2DM and frailty.ResultsMechanistic analysis on 33 studies identified overlapping pathophysiological pathways between T2DM and frailty including encompassing inflammaging, insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, mitochondrial impairment, and gut dysbiosis. Evidence synthesized from 20 RCTs demonstrates that multicomponent exercise interventions could reduce frailty, lower blood glucose levels, and improve muscle strength for patients with T2DM and frailty, potentially by modulating these shared pathways, and resistance training enhances insulin sensitivity and muscle synthesis via GLUT-4 upregulation and Akt/mTOR activation.ConclusionMulticomponent exercise and resistance training would be efficacy for elderly patients with T2DM and frailty through modulating the overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1827919</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1827919</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Exercise-induced modulation of astrocyte in Alzheimer’s disease: mechanisms and therapeutic implications]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Lei Shi</author><author>Jiding Xie</author><author>Tianjiao Dai</author><author>Mingzheng Zhang</author><author>Taoshuo Yang</author><author>Limei Sheng</author><author>Qiguan Jin</author><author>Jingang Dai</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, tau pathology, and chronic neuroinflammatory responses, although the relative contribution of these processes varies across disease stage and patient population. Current pharmacological therapies provide limited symptomatic benefit or modest disease-slowing effects in selected populations, underscoring the need for safe and sustainable adjunctive interventions. Astrocytes are central regulators of synaptic homeostasis, metabolic support, vascular coupling, and perivascular solute clearance, and these functions are profoundly altered in AD. For heuristic purposes, reactive astrocytes are often described along an A1-like to A2-like spectrum, with the former associated with pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic programs and the latter with reparative and neurotrophic functions; however, emerging single-cell and spatial transcriptomic data indicate that astrocyte states in AD are heterogeneous and context dependent rather than strictly binary. Growing evidence, predominantly from preclinical studies, suggests that exercise may remodel astrocyte-associated inflammatory, metabolic, and clearance pathways, with potential benefits for AD-related pathology and cognition. In several rodent models, exercise has been associated with reduced expression of A1-like reactive markers, enhanced protective astrocyte-associated programs, improved astrocyte–neuron metabolic coupling, and better perivascular localization of aquaporin-4 (AQP4). These changes may contribute to reduced inflammatory signaling and more efficient clearance of Aβ and tau, although the extent to which AQP4-dependent perivascular clearance mechanisms mediate exercise benefits in humans remains uncertain. Here, we review current evidence on how exercise influences astrocyte biology in AD, distinguish preclinical from clinical findings, and discuss key translational modifiers—including exercise modality, disease stage, sex, and APOE genotype—to inform glia-aware therapeutic strategies and future exercise prescriptions.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1796957</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1796957</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of energy drinks on repeated sprint performance and cognitive function in athletes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Clinical Trial</category>
        <author>Li An Liao</author><author>Pin Chia Pan</author><author>Chi Hsiang Hung</author><author>Yu Jui Li</author><author>Kun Tien Wu</author><author>Jie Ping Wang</author><author>Chien Wen Hou</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveEnergy drinks are often used by athletes before competitions to enhance their performance. Resent research has pointed out that the performance effects of select ingredients have been studied in-dividually, but not in combination with caffeine. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of caffeine, anserine and elderberry on cognitive function and repeated sprint performance of athletes during a high-intensity exercise protocol.MethodsWe employed a double-blind, randomized, counter balanced, and crossover design. Three types of supplements were tested: placebo, caffeine (220mg), and energy drink (220mg caffeine, 288mg anserine, 400 mg of elderberry, and 660 mg vitamins-minerals mixed). Twelve college athletes were recruited to complete repeated sprint tests on a cycle ergometer until they reached exhaustion and undertook a series of cognitive tasks during running.ResultsResults showed that energy drink group significantly improved repeated sprint performance and showed a potential to attenuate certain aspects of cognitive fatigue.ConclusionThe multi-ingredient energy drink significantly elevated total power output and attenuated the exercise-induced decline in cognitive performance. It might be a better strategy for athletes to optimize physical performance and mitigate cognitive fatigue.Clinical Trial Registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07104188?intr=NCT07104188%20&rank=1, identifier NCT07104188.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1789933</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1789933</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Virtual sailing exercise enhances motor performance while maintaining stable mental and neurochemical profiles in healthy adults: a pilot study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Radietya Alvarabie</author><author>Elissa Burjawi</author><author>Gurdeep Sarai</author><author>Yang Yun</author><author>Oren Tirosh</author><author>Denny Meyer</author><author>Junhua Xiao</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectivesWhile virtual exercise is emerging as a new approach for clinical application, little is known about its roles in mental health management and neuroplasticity. We conducted the first exploratory investigation evaluating the multimodal effects of a virtual sailing (VSail) program in healthy adults with the long-term goal of establishing its feasibility for mental health management.MethodsHere, we conducted a single-arm clinical trial in 24 healthy adults (18–64 years) who completed one 30-min VSail session weekly for 6 weeks using the VSail-Trainer® simulator. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included motor function (hand grip strength, balance, and inertia) and mental health and clinical functioning self-report questionnaires (Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale, Flanagan Quality of Life, Global Assessment of Functioning, and Health of the Nation Outcome Scales). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis was performed in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex to evaluate the response of key neurometabolites [gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate] to the VSail exercise program.ResultsWe found that the VSail program significantly enhanced grip strength in both dominant and non-dominant hands, and body balance. Hand inertial measurements across three axes showed no significant changes, indicating stable motor control and complexity. Mental health, clinical functioning, and neurometabolite levels remained stable, reflecting ceiling effects typical of healthy populations. Together, the results demonstrate that VSail effectively enhances motor performance while maintaining psychological and neurometabolic stability in healthy adults.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that virtual reality (VR)-based exercise, such as VSail, possesses strong potential as a safe, engaging, and scalable digital exercise strategy for future clinical applications, paving the way for understanding the role of virtual exercise in the muscle–brain axis.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1837615</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1837615</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of plyometric training on strength, explosive performance, and agility in female team-sport athletes: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Zhuo Zeng</author><author>Peng Zhang</author><author>Chengyu Zhou</author><author>Zixin Wang</author><author>Junhao Li</author><author>Qi Xie</author><author>Haoran Li</author><author>Dongxu Huang</author><author>Yongmin Xie</author><author>Aiguo Zhou</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionPlyometric training (PT) is widely used in team sports, but its outcome-specific effects in female team sport athletes and the influence of key programming variables remain unclear.MethodsThis systematic review and three-level meta-analysis examined the effects of PT on strength, jumping, sprinting, throwing, and agility in female team sport athletes and explored whether training frequency, intervention duration, and ground contacts per session moderated these effects. Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials were identified through database searches and manual screening. A three-level random-effects meta-analysis with cluster-robust variance estimation was performed. Subgroup analyses and meta-regressions examined potential moderators, and certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Thirty-six studies involving 921 participants were included.ResultsPT significantly improved vertical jump (SMD = 0.67), horizontal jump (SMD = 0.70), sprint (SMD = -0.85), throwing (SMD = 0.91), and agility (SMD = -1.09). Effects on strength were inconsistent (p = 0.0025), with improvements in upper-body (SMD = 1.09) but not lower-body strength (SMD = 0.08). Competitive level moderated agility outcomes, whereas age was not a consistent moderator. Meta-regression showed no clear associations of training frequency, intervention duration, or ground contacts per session with performance changes. Certainty of evidence ranged from very low to moderate.Discussion/conclusionPT can be an effective training strategy for improving multiple outcomes in female team sport athletes, particularly jumping, sprinting, throwing, and agility. However, adaptations appear outcome-specific, and evidence is insufficient to identify programming variables that consistently influence outcomes. Further studies with larger and more diverse samples are needed.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261328856, identifier CRD420261328856.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1821632</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1821632</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects and adaptation of high-altitude hypoxia on lipid metabolism: mechanisms and health implications]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Yu Fan</author><author>WeiWei Guo</author><author>LiXin Yang</author><author>HaiQi Xu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[High-altitude environments impose substantial metabolic constraints on human physiology, with oxygen limitation driving profound alterations in lipid regulation. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the context-dependent effects of high-altitude hypoxia (HAH) on systemic lipid metabolism across high-altitude native populations and lowlanders exposed to altitude, with particular attention to Tibetan and Andean settings. Acute hypoxic exposure is characterized by rapid lipid mobilization, enhanced glycolytic flux, suppressed lipoprotein lipase activity, and dynamic fluctuations in circulating lipids. In contrast, acclimatization and long-term adaptation are associated with a shift toward more oxygen-efficient substrate utilization, often accompanied by reduced fatty-acid oxidation, improved insulin sensitivity, and population-specific changes in lipid profiles. However, in non-acclimatized or metabolically vulnerable individuals, sustained HAH exposure may also promote dyslipidemia, inflammation, and adverse cardiometabolic effects. By integrating evidence on HIF-mediated metabolic reprogramming, neuroendocrine regulation, genetic adaptation, and the microbiota–bile acid axis, this review highlights the heterogeneity of lipid responses to hypoxia and discusses their implications for cardiometabolic risk, preventive medicine, and future altitude-related metabolic research.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1809614</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1809614</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of different exercises on motor and non-motor abilities in patients with Parkinson disease—a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Jianfeng Tang</author><author>Xinhong Liu</author><author>Jianqiang Guan</author><author>Sitao Li</author><author>Zenghui Xing</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveTo systematically investigate and evaluate the effects of different exercise (TT: treadmill training; ST: sensorimotor training; NW: Nordic walking; CT: cycling training; WT: walking training; DT: dance training; VRT: VR training; RT: resistance training; AQT: aquatic training; BOX: boxing training; Qigong and Yoga) modalities on both motor and non-motor abilities in patients with Parkinson’s disease.MethodsRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) concerning the impact of various exercise modes on motor and non-motor abilities in Parkinson’s patients were identified by searching the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane library, CINAHL and CNKI databases. The search period spanned from the inception of each database to December 2025. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.ResultsA total of 67 RCTs involving 2642 patients were included. Network meta-analysis results indicated that WT most effectively improved UPDRS-III (SUCRA=92.5%); DT was most effective in improving TUG (SUCRA=89.9%) and 6MWT (SUCRA=73.3%); NW best improved BBS (SUCRA=91.1%) and MoCA (SUCRA=91.1%). AQT best improved PDQ-39 (SUCRA=88.5%).ConclusionCurrent evidence suggests that exercise involving walking and dance, which stimulates neural regulation, can help improve motor function and cognitive abilities in people with Parkinson’s disease. Patients can choose exercises based on their current fitness level.Systematic review registrationhttps://osf.io/7x5kc/.]]></description>
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