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        <title>Frontiers in Physiology | Exercise Physiology section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/sections/exercise-physiology</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Exercise Physiology section in the Frontiers in Physiology journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
        <generator>Frontiers Feed Generator,version:1</generator>
        <pubDate>2026-07-15T02:14:02.965+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1876479</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1876479</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effect of aquatic exercise on blood pressure and related physiological indicators in hypertensive patients: a systematic meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Pengli Chang</author><author>Haoyu Wang</author><author>Jierui Zhang</author><author>Yiming Zhang</author><author>Zhihao Qi</author><author>Xianyang Xin</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundHypertension remains one of the most prevalent health risks globally. Aquatic exercise is considered an important non-pharmacological intervention for hypertension; however, its effectiveness in managing blood pressure in hypertensive patients remains controversial. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate and conduct a meta-analysis to assess the effects of aquatic exercise on blood pressure and related parameters in individuals with hypertension.MethodsThis study followed the PRISMA and Cochrane methodological guidelines. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. Statistical analyses and funnel plots were generated using R software for the included studies. A total of nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs), contributing up to 12 intervention-control comparisons, were included in the final analysis. Random-effects models were applied to pool effect sizes, and publication bias was assessed.ResultsNine RCTs involving 421 participants were included, contributing up to 12 intervention-control comparisons to the quantitative synthesis. Aquatic exercise significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (MD = -10.68 mmHg, 95% CI: -13.81, -7.54, P < 0.0001; I² = 17.0%) and diastolic blood pressure (MD = -5.85 mmHg, 95% CI: -8.00, -3.69, P < 0.0001; I² = 0%). However, no statistically significant improvements were found in heart rate (MD = -1.99 bpm, 95% CI: -6.47, 2.48, P = 0.3824; I² = 38.8%) or pulse wave velocity (MD = -0.68 m/s, 95% CI: -2.22 to 0.87, P = 0.3913; I² = 65.5%) (P > 0.05). Thus, aquatic exercise did not significantly improve arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients.ConclusionAquatic exercise significantly reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive individuals. However, its effects on heart rate and pulse wave velocity are not statistically significant, indicating that it does not have a substantial impact on arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients. Further high-quality research is needed to confirm these findings.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1916482</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1916482</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Neurophysiological basis of the relationship between core stability and human movement: implications for sport and rehabilitation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Erika Zemková</author><author>Gerold Ebenbichler</author><author>Tomáš Malý</author><author>Magni Mohr</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1868998</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1868998</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Cardiac biomarkers in athletes and active individuals: a clinical review of exercise-induced elevations and diagnostic interpretation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Chaoming Wu</author><author>Yanshuang Zhao</author><author>Yanxia Zhao</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Exercise-induced increases in cardiac biomarkers, especially natriuretic peptides (B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)/N-terminal (NT)-proBNP) and high-sensitivity troponin (hs-cTn), make it more difficult to distinguish between myocardial disease and physiological adaptation in athletes. The pathophysiology, release kinetics, and diagnostic performance of established biomarkers (hs-cTnI, hs-cTnT, BNP, NT-proBNP) and emerging candidates (galectin-3, ST2, GDF-15, heart-type fatty acid-binding protein, cardiac myosin-binding protein-C) are examined in this review. The main limitations include the lack of athlete-specific reference ranges (74–96% of marathon runners exceed standard hs-cTn thresholds), small sample sizes (most n<100), short follow-up, and varied exercise protocols. The assessment of acute cardiac stress, the distinction between an athlete’s heart and cardiomyopathy, and the choice to return to play after myocarditis continue to be the principal clinical uses. Without thorough confirmation, claims like artificial intelligence-powered multi-omics, tailored molecular exercise prescription, and real-time monitoring remain theoretical. Sport-specific 99th percentiles, large prospective cohorts with 5–10-year follow-up, standardized methodologies, and verified point-of-care testing are all necessary for future priority. Until then, prolonged increases (>72 hours) or symptomatic presentations warrant further research, whereas exercise-induced biomarker elevations in asymptomatic athletes should be considered mostly benign and temporary.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1855612</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1855612</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Study on the effects of 4 × 4 min high−intensity interval training frequency on cardiorespiratory function, metabolic indices, and exercise performance in male university students]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Hanwen Zhang</author><author>Yingjian Zhang</author><author>Heng Tian</author><author>Yang Gao</author><author>Mingxi Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveTo determine the optimal weekly frequency of 4 × 4 min high−intensity interval training (HIIT) in male university students and thus provide evidence for prescribing efficient endurance training in this population.MethodsForty−five physically active male university students were randomly assigned to three groups performing 4 × 4 min HIIT once, twice, or three sessions per week (n = 15 per group) for 6 weeks. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), time to exhaustion, heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and blood lactate concentration were assessed via treadmill testing and breath−by−breath gas analysis. Repeated−measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis.ResultsAfter 6 weeks of intervention, all groups showed prolonged time to exhaustion and reduced submaximal HR and blood lactate, with the 2− and 3−session groups exhibiting larger improvement magnitudes. VO2max increased markedly in both the 2− and 3−session groups, while the 1−session group showed only a small increase. Submaximal VO2, VT, and RER changed minimally across groups. Post−intervention blood lactate was notably lower in the 2− and 3−session groups than in the 1−session group (p < 0.001), whereas physiological improvements were generally comparable between the 2− and 3−session groups. Training completion rates were 100%, 93%, and 80% in the 1−, 2−, and 3−session groups, respectively.ConclusionWithin the present study conditions, twice−weekly 4 × 4 min HIIT yielded substantial improvements in aerobic capacity and submaximal metabolic economy while maintaining relatively high adherence, showing a favorable balance between training benefits and tolerability. The twice−weekly frequency appears relatively optimal for physically active male university students. These findings are limited by the homogeneous sample and short intervention period, and further validation in larger, diverse cohorts is warranted.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1783010</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1783010</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Influence of biological sex and training history on force production and its variability in humans]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Edoardo Lecce</author><author>Paolo Amoruso</author><author>Fiorella Martire</author><author>Alessandro Scotto di Palumbo</author><author>Massimo Sacchetti</author><author>Ilenia Bazzucchi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionMaximal and rapid force production represent the principal metrics of neuromuscular performance, yet both show substantial inter-individual and day-to-day variability. Biological sex and training history are known to considerably affect the absolute magnitude of these measures; however, their influence on variability is unclear.MethodsTo address this gap, we examined twenty-two young adults (12 males, 10 females), balanced for strength-trained (ST) and recreationally active (RA) status, who performed maximal ballistic isometric elbow-flexion trials in two sessions separated by 48–72 h. We assessed maximal voluntary force (MVF), rate of force development (RFD), and impulse during the initial 250 ms from force onset, and estimated maximal muscle-fiber conduction velocity (MFCVMAX) from high-density EMG over the same window. Day-to-day variability was computed for all these metrics.ResultsBoth sex and training history significantly affected absolute MVF, RFD, and impulse (p < 0.05). In contrast, MFCVMAX differed only by training history, being 0.14 m·s−1 higher in ST (p < 0.05). ST participants also showed lower between-day variability in RFD and MFCVMAX than RA (p<0.05). However, no differences were found for sex. Maximal RFD and impulse strongly correlated with MFCVMAX across all groups (R²>0.6, p < 0.01).DiscussionBecause MFCVMAX is considered an indirect marker of the recruitment of larger motor units, our results suggest that ST participants may recruit relatively larger motor units during the initial contraction phase compared with RA individuals. In addition, more stable RFD across days is associated with comparable contribution from similarly sized motor units. Thus, within the present sample, day-to-day stability in rapid force appeared to be more strongly associated with training-related consistency than with biological sex.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1826138</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1826138</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Functional signatures of the gut microbiome in middle-aged regular runners: insights from a metagenomic study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xu Ai</author><author>Ruijie Liu</author><author>Yongling Lv</author><author>Li Chen</author><author>Rui Duan</author><author>Xu Ma</author><author>Linzi Li</author><author>Hong Ding</author><author>Hexiao Shen</author><author>Yanli Hu</author><author>Xiaoxuan Zhu</author><author>Yonglian Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionExercise influences host metabolism and inflammation, but its functional effects on the gut microbiome in middle-aged populations remain unclear. This study used shotgun metagenomics to investigate the associations between long-term endurance running and the gut microbial ecosystem and its functional potential in middle-aged adults.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis comparing 33 middle-aged regular runners with 33 sedentary controls. No significant differences in age, BMI, dietary intake between groups. Fecal samples underwent metagenomic sequencing at an average depth of 10.97 Gb per sample. Following stringent quality control, taxonomic profiling, diversity analyses, and differential abundance testing were performed. Functional potential was annotated using GO, eggNOG, KEGG, CARD, VFDB, and CAZy databases.Results and discussionThe gut microbiota of middle-aged regular runners (RG, n = 33) and sedentary controls (CG, n = 33) was compared using metagenomic sequencing. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age, BMI, or self-reported dietary patterns. Although no significant differences in α-diversity or β-diversity were found, taxonomic profiling revealed differences in microbial community composition between the groups. Runners exhibited an increased relative abundance of carbohydrate-fermenting and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing species, including Prevotella copri, Lachnospira eligens, and Collinsella intestinalis. KEGG functional analysis revealed enrichment of genes associated with antibiotic biosynthesis pathways in runners, whereas the control group was enriched in genes related to lipid metabolism and xenobiotic degradation. The total abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors (VFs) was significantly lower in runners. Carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) profiling further indicated that runners harbored higher abundances of carbohydrate-binding modules and glycosyltransferase families, while controls were enriched in complex polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Nonetheless, the cross-sectional design, qualitative dietary assessment, residual sex imbalance, and lack of metabolomic validation limit causal inference. Longitudinal intervention studies incorporating metabolomic analyses are warranted to confirm these associations and elucidate the directional adaptation of the gut microbiota to long-term regular exercise.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1897091</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1897091</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Task specific effects of fatigue on lower limb muscle synergies during single and double leg drop jumps in female athletes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jiawei Zheng</author><author>Junfeng Teng</author><author>Kunpeng Wang</author><author>Xikai Lin</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundDrop jump (DJ) tasks are widely used to assess lower-limb neuromuscular function and injury risk. Fatigue is a key factor elevating injury risk, yet its effects on neuromuscular control during single-leg drop jumps (SLDJ) and double-leg drop jumps (DLDJ), and whether these effects differ by task type, remain poorly understood.MethodsFifteen female athletes performed SLDJ and DLDJ before and after a standardized fatigue protocol. Surface electromyography signals from nine lower-limb muscles were collected. Muscle synergies were extracted via non-negative matrix factorization, and synergy similarity was assessed using scalar product and Pearson correlation coefficients. Linear mixed-effects models examined differences in muscle contributions and temporal activation features.ResultsThree muscle synergy modules were consistently identified across both tasks and fatigue conditions, with high inter-module similarity (scalar product and Pearson r > 0.80). Synergy structure remained stable regardless of task or fatigue, while task type and fatigue selectively modulated specific muscle contributions. Notably, vastus lateralis contribution showed opposing fatigue-related trends between tasks, and lateral gastrocnemius contribution decreased significantly after fatigue in SLDJ only.ConclusionsThe central nervous system maintains a stable modular control strategy across DJ tasks and fatigue conditions. Adaptations to fatigue manifest primarily through task-specific modulation of intra-module muscle weights rather than restructuring of synergy organization. SLDJ demonstrated greater neuromuscular sensitivity to fatigue than DLDJ, indicating that single-leg landing tasks may be more susceptible to fatigue-induced alterations in neuromuscular control. These findings inform neuromuscular screening and targeted training strategies for female athletes.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1834757</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1834757</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Chocolate odor enhances resistance exercise performance through appetite suppression in the fasted state: an exploratory study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xiaohan Fan</author><author>Hengzhi Deng</author><author>Jia Yang Ng</author><author>Ahmad Amirul Hazim bin Ab Aziz</author><author>Mohamed Nashrudin bin Naharudin</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionOlfactory stimuli may alter appetite, affective responses, and exercise performance through psychobiological processes. However, whether odor-induced changes in appetite and pleasantness translate into measurable improvements in resistance exercise performance remains unclear. This exploratory study investigated whether exposure to chocolate-related odors alters appetite perception, odor pleasantness, and resistance exercise capacity in moderately trained men.MethodsTwenty-three participants completed a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial with three odor conditions presented as freshly prepared liquid stimuli: 90% dark chocolate, 60% milk chocolate, and a water-based control. Appetite perception and odor pleasantness were assessed using 100-mm visual analog scales, and perceived exertion was assessed using the Borg CR10 scale. Ratings were obtained at baseline and after odor exposure. Participants then performed repeated 10-repetition leg-extension sets at 80% of 10RM to volitional exhaustion with 3.5-min rest intervals. Odors were presented before each set, followed by assessments of appetite, pleasantness, and ratings of perceived exertion.ResultsCondition significantly affected total repetitions (Wald χ²(2) = 71.15, p < 0.01) and total sets (Wald χ²(2) = 21.27, p < 0.01). Total repetitions were greater with 90% dark chocolate than with control (+18, 95% CI 13.8 to 22.1, p < 0.01) and greater with 60% milk chocolate than with control (+9, p < 0.01). Ratings of perceived exertion increased across sets (p < 0.01) but did not differ between conditions. Before exercise, 90% dark chocolate reduced appetite-related ratings, whereas 60% milk chocolate increased odor pleasantness.DiscussionThese findings indicate that chocolate-related odors can modulate appetite and hedonic responses while increasing resistance-exercise volume, without clear increases in post-set perceived exertion. Chocolate-related odors may offer a non-nutritive approach to support fasted resistance exercise, although further work is needed to confirm the mechanisms and generalizability of these effects.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1838821</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1838821</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of exercises based on ACSM recommendations on patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Xiaojing Shi</author><author>Fang Liu</author><author>Ruirui Song</author><author>Xuefeng Guo</author><author>Jian Huang</author><author>Jun Chen</author><author>Hongmei Gao</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of exercise training following the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines on exercise capacity, quality of life, and left ventricular function in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).MethodsPubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing exercise interventions with usual care in patients with HFpEF. Primary outcomes included exercise capacity (6-MWT, Peak VO2, quality of life (total score of MLHFQ), LVEF, and diastolic function indicator (E/e’ ratio). The included studies were subgrouped for analysis into a high-adherence group (≥70%) and a low/uncertain-adherence group based on their compliance with the ACSM exercise recommendations.ResultsA total of 19 RCT involving 1490 participants were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled results demonstrated that exercise training compliant with ACSM guidelines significantly improved exercise capacity, including the 6-MWT (SMD = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.34 to 1.30, P = 0.0008) and Peak VO2 (SMD = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.36 to 0.91, P < 0.00001). The intervention also markedly enhanced patients’ quality of life reflected by the MLHFQ total score (SMD = −0.52, 95% CI: −0.84 to −0.20, P = 0.05). Marginally significant improvements were observed in left ventricular ejection fraction (SMD = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.38, P = 0.05) and E/e’ ratio (SMD = −0.14, 95% CI: −0.29 to 0.00, P = 0.05).Subgroup analyses stratified by adherence to ACSM recommendations (≥70% vs. <70%) showed that the high-adherence group achieved statistically greater improvements in 6-MWT (P = 0.03) and peak VO2 (P = 0.003). Although the high-adherence group obtained larger effect sizes for MLHFQ scores and LVEF, the between-group differences did not reach statistical significance. No significant intergroup differences were found in other diastolic function indicators.ConclusionThis study indicates that implementing the ACSM-recommended exercise regimen with high adherence can effectively improve exercise capacity, quality of life, and certain left ventricular function parameters in patients with HFpEF. Stratified analysis by ACSM adherence enriches evidence for individualized HFpEF exercise rehabilitation and guides clinical exercise strategy optimization.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1871149</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1871149</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Caffeine and human performance: from molecular mechanisms to exercise and recovery]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Jingzhi Leng</author><author>Jingjing Yu</author><author>Zheheng Li</author><author>Yimin Zhang</author><author>Juntao Cui</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Caffeine, the world’s most widely consumed psychoactive substance, is a well-established ergogenic aid. Its performance-enhancing effects are mediated through multiple, interacting mechanisms that follow a dose-dependent hierarchy. The primary and most significant action at common dietary doses is the antagonism of central adenosine A1 and A2a receptors. This central blockade reduces perceived effort and fatigue, increases arousal, and modulates pain perception, thereby lowering the neural cost of exercise. This central effect is complemented by secondary peripheral metabolic actions, such as the promotion of lipolysis, though their role as primary drivers in exercising humans is supported mainly by experimental models. A direct effect on skeletal muscle calcium handling occurs only at supra-physiological concentrations and is not relevant in practice. The integration of these mechanisms leads to significant but task-dependent performance outcomes. The most robust and consistent benefits are observed for aerobic endurance exercise. Effects on strength, power, and high-intensity intermittent performance are more variable and are largely mediated by neurological and perceptual factors, explaining their greater consistency in protocols involving fatigue. For sports requiring cognitive skill, caffeine reliably enhances reaction time, vigilance, and accuracy via central nervous system stimulation. The ergogenic response is highly individualized, shaped by a complex interplay of dose, timing, genetics, and habitual use. Furthermore, preliminary evidence suggests caffeine may modulate post-exercise recovery by potentially accelerating muscle glycogen resynthesis when co-ingested with carbohydrates and by improving muscle perfusion. However, leveraging any potential recovery benefit necessitates extremely careful timing to avoid sleep disruption, as protecting sleep quality is a paramount recovery priority. Future research should develop sport- and context-specific protocols, clarify long-term adaptations, and advance personalized strategies that integrate genetic, habitual, and temporal factors to maximize benefits and minimize adverse effects, reinforcing caffeine’s role as a cornerstone of evidence-based sports nutrition.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1821278</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1821278</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Acute effects of re-warm-up on physical performance, muscle temperature, and perceived exertion in basketball players: a systematic review and meta-analysis with individual participant data]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Yu-Feng Yang</author><author>Enrique Flórez-Gil</author><author>Christos Koutsouridis</author><author>Yu-Ming Zhong</author><author>Nuno Mateus</author><author>Eduardo Abade</author><author>Ching-Feng Cheng</author><author>Mengde Lyu</author><author>Kai Xu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Objectives(1) the acute effects of RWU on physical performance, body temperature (BT), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in basketball players; and (2) individual-level performance improvements across different RWU methods.MethodsThree databases were searched for RWU studies in basketball players. An individual participant data meta-analysis was conducted using a two-stage approach with multilevel models, including adjustments for small sample sizes. Effect sizes were expressed as standardized mean changes (SMC) for within-group comparisons and standardized mean differences (SMD) for between-group comparisons.ResultsSeven studies (n = 82; 35 females, 47 males) were included, with individual raw data obtained from three. Compared with the control condition, the RWU resulted in better preservation of jumping (SMD = 0.64) and change-of-direction (COD) performance (SMD = −0.83), while showing no significant differences in isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) peak force (SMD = 0.34), BT (SMD = 0.72), or RPE (SMD = 0.61). These effects were largely driven by greater declines in the control than in the RWU for jumping (SMC = −1.24 vs. −0.53), COD (SMC = 1.00 vs. 0.44), and IMTP peak force (SMC = −0.68 vs. −0.28). Across five interventions from three studies with individual data, the plyometric protocol showed the highest proportion of improvements (CMJ: 100%; COD: 93.3%) compared with the control condition.ConclusionsPreliminary evidence suggests that RWU may be an effective strategy to maintain physical performance and BT in basketball players. However, given the limited number of studies and the high degree of individual variability, further research is required.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1842803</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1842803</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Commentary: Reduced task-related quadriceps sEMG and limited functional transfer after 4-week low-load blood flow restriction training: a pilot randomized controlled study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>General Commentary</category>
        <author>Kevin Happ</author><author>Michael Behringer</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1863589</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1863589</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The effects of different types of prenatal exercise on neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Cuiyue Kong</author><author>Sichen Zhou</author><author>Xianyang Xin</author><author>Yang Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveThis study aimed to systematically evaluate and compare the effects of different types of prenatal exercise on neonatal outcomes, and to assess their relative effects and rankings for birth weight, gestational age, 1-minute Apgar score, and 5-minute Apgar score.MethodsWe searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies examining the effects of prenatal exercise on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, from database inception to January 2026. According to exercise type, the interventions were classified into aerobic exercise (AE), resistance exercise (RE), mind-body exercise (MBE, referring to exercise modalities such as yoga and Pilates that emphasize breathing regulation, postural control, and mind-body coordination), and combined exercise (CE, referring to interventions composed of two or more exercise components, such as combined aerobic and resistance exercise). A network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed to synthesize the evidence.ResultsA total of 61 studies involving 11,036 pregnant women were ultimately included. For the 1-minute Apgar score, mind-body exercise was associated with a higher score compared with no intervention (MD = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.47). In the network comparison, mind-body exercise showed a higher 1-minute Apgar score than combined exercise (MD = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.42). For the 5-minute Apgar score, a statistically significant increase was observed only for mind-body exercise compared with no intervention (MD = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.32). Regarding birth weight, mind-body exercise was associated with a higher birth weight than combined exercise (MD = 104.41, 95% CI: 1.28 to 207.54). For gestational age, no statistically significant differences were observed between any intervention and no intervention or among different interventions. The cumulative ranking probability plots showed that mind-body exercise had the highest probability of ranking first across all four outcomes. The CINeMA assessment indicated that the confidence in the evidence for this network meta-analysis was mainly moderate to low.ConclusionThe effects of different types of prenatal exercise on neonatal outcomes were not consistent. Mind-body exercise showed a relative advantage in improving Apgar scores and may have a potential effect on birth weight; however, there is insufficient evidence to indicate that it can significantly improve gestational age.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/CRD420251241770, identifier CRD420251241770.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1865794</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1865794</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Acute post-exercise blood pressure responses to sprint interval exercise in humans: a systematic review and structured synthesis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Lina Ge</author><author>Dandan Kong</author><author>Mingmei Chen</author><author>Shuting Xu</author><author>Chenzhe Ma</author><author>Ling Wang</author><author>Weibao Liang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundPost-exercise hypotension is an acute systemic recovery response that links exercise physiology with blood pressure control, yet the response to all-out sprint interval exercise is less clearly defined than responses to moderate-intensity continuous or submaximal interval exercise.MethodsSix databases were searched from inception to 1 February 2026. Controlled acute human studies were eligible when they examined a single bout of sprint interval exercise (SIE) or a closely equivalent all-out, repeated-sprint, Wingate-based or supramaximal interval protocol and reported post-exercise blood pressure. Two reviewers independently screened records, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Study-level mean differences were organized by comparator family and assessment window. Because exact passive-control data were sparse, crossover-aware exploratory quantitative summaries were retained only as descriptive aids, using an assumed within-participant correlation of 0.50 with sensitivity analyses. Values available only as figure-digitized means without extractable dispersions were retained for descriptive synthesis only.ResultsNine randomized crossover studies involving 136 participants were included. The exact passive/no-exercise control evidence was small: three studies with 31 participants contributed systolic blood pressure (SBP) data and two studies with 21 participants contributed diastolic blood pressure (DBP) data at the first extractable exact time point beyond 60 min. Study-level SBP mean differences were −3.0, −5.0 and −8.0 mmHg, indicating a directionally consistent short-term systolic reduction after SIE. Study-level DBP mean differences were −3.0 and −7.0 mmHg, providing only sparse preliminary evidence for DBP. In protocol-comparator studies, all three 45-min peripheral SBP estimates favored longer over shorter recovery intervals (−7.0, −7.5 and −5.0 mmHg). Exploratory quantitative summaries are reported in the full text and figures as descriptive aids only. Evidence for 24-h ambulatory blood pressure was limited to one study and did not establish a durable sprint-specific effect beyond the acute recovery window.ConclusionSingle-bout sprint interval exercise may elicit short-term post-exercise reductions in SBP and possibly DBP, but the evidence remains constrained by very small crossover study samples, heterogeneous protocols, incomplete paired-data reporting and reliance on assumed within-participant correlations. The findings support sprint interval exercise as an acute cardiovascular physiology stimulus, but they are not clinically definitive and do not establish superiority over other exercise modes. Registration: PROSPERO CRD420261366067; registered after screening had begun and before final quantitative synthesis.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD420261366067.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1834109</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1834109</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The effects of lower limb blood flow restriction training on post-activation potentiation enhancement and fatigue: a meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Xinrui Miao</author><author>Jiajun Hou</author><author>Wenqing Chang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveThis study aims to systematically explore the effects of lower limb blood flow restriction (BFR) training on post-activation potentiation enhancement (PAPE) and the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) through meta-analysis, and to identify optimal BFR protocol parameters, so as to provide scientific evidence for strength and conditioning training and rehabilitation interventions.MethodsA systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO databases to retrieve randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the acute effects of lower limb BFR training on PAPE and RPE. The search timeframe covered the inception of each database to Dec 1, 2025. The Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias Tool was used for literature quality assessment. Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 17.0 software were employed for statistical analysis, including heterogeneity testing, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias assessment.ResultsA total of 15 eligible RCTs were included, involving 244 subjects aged 17–35 years. Meta-analysis results showed that lower limb BFR training significantly enhanced PAPE-related explosive performance [SMD = 0.55, 95%CI (0.08, 1.01), P = 0.02] with high heterogeneity (I² = 78%, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that the optimal parameters for PAPE enhancement were: multi-joint movements such as squats [SMD = 1.20, 95%CI (0.78, 1.63), P < 0.001], rest intervals > 4 min [SMD = 0.98, 95%CI (0.67, 1.30), P < 0.001], occlusion pressure of 40–60% arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) [SMD = 0.83, 95%CI (0.29, 1.36), P = 0.002]. Countermovement jump (CMJ) was the most sensitive outcome measure for PAPE assessment [SMD = 0.83, 95%CI (0.44, 1.21), P < 0.001]. Notably, several subgroups were based on only 1–2 primary studies, and these findings should be interpreted with extreme caution due to limited sample size and evidence volume. Regarding RPE, BFR training significantly increased subjective fatigue [SMD = 0.82, 95%CI (0.39, 1.26), P < 0.001] with moderate heterogeneity (I² = 60%, P = 0.001). Subgroup analysis indicated that more pronounced fatigue perception was observed in knee flexion/compound exercises [SMD = 0.91/1.54, P <0.001], rest intervals ≤ 4 min [SMD = 0.79/1.16, P = 0.05], low exercise intensity (< 40% 1RM) [SMD = 0.86, 95%CI (0.30, 1.42), P = 0.003], and occlusion pressure > 60% AOP [SMD = 1.37, 95%CI (0.80, 1.94), P < 0.001]. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of the results, and funnel plots combined with Egger’s test showed no significant publication bias (P > 0.05).ConclusionLower limb BFR training can effectively induce PAPE, with optimal effects achieved through multi-joint movements, rest intervals > 4 min, 40–60% AOP, and 40–70% 1RM intensity. Meanwhile, BFR training significantly elevates subjective fatigue (RPE), which is more prominent under conditions of knee flexion/compound exercises, shorter rest intervals, low intensity, and high occlusion pressure (> 60% AOP).Systematic Review Registrationhttps://inplasy.com/inplasy-2026-5-0041/, identifier INPLASY202430008.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1847569</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1847569</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Longitudinal performance development in PRO and ELITE HYROX competitions across the first seven competitive seasons]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ludwig Rappelt</author><author>Tim Wiedenmann</author><author>Steffen Held</author><author>Lars Heinke</author><author>Florian Micke</author><author>Pamela Wicker</author><author>Lars Donath</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionHYROX is a rapidly growing fitness format combining 8 km of running with 8 standardized workout stations. Despite its rapid growth, empirical evidence on performance correlates of success remains scarce. The purpose of this study is to investigate overall performance and its evolution as well as the specific contributions of the different components of individual performance in HYROX PRO and ELITE races.MethodsThe analysis is based on publicly available data about race results (females: n = 11,842; males: n = 27,854) from individual PRO and ELITE competitions from the first seven seasons (2018/19-2024/25). Empirical cumulative distribution functions were used to derive season-specific percentile curves of PRO results. Changes in discipline performance were assessed for the top 100 results per season. Discipline importance was further examined using rank-based reshuffling metrics and quantile regression models. ELITE performance trends, performance convergence and Top-5 retention were additionally analyzed.ResultsBetween seasons 4-7, male and female PRO performances improved by ~8-10 min at the median, with larger gains at the 25th-75th percentiles than at the 90th percentile. In the Top 100, total race time improved by ~13 min (≈19%) in males and ~17min (≈21%) in females between seasons 1-7. These improvements were largely associated with faster running (males: ~8 min; females: ~10 min), which consistently accounted for ~50% of total race time and showed a low discrepancy between discipline-specific and overall rankings. Strength-determined stations exhibited greater rank reshuffling and stronger quantile-dependent effects, indicating larger absolute increases in total race time among slower performers. ELITE median performance improved from 01:06:24 to 00:57:17 h in males and from 01:11:09 to 01:03:22 h in females, while the coefficient of variation declined from >10% to <5%, indicating increasing competitive density.DiscussionHYROX has rapidly evolved into a highly competitive, sport in which overall performance is most strongly associated with running performance, alongside meaningful contributions from the strength-based stations.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1838894</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1838894</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Interaction of sublingual glyceryl tri-nitrate administration on single muscle contraction-induced hyperemia: potential insight into the role of the skeletal muscle pump]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Timothy R. Rotarius</author><author>Jakob D. Lauver</author><author>Barry W. Scheuermann</author>
        <description><![CDATA[PurposeMuch debate exists about the relative contribution of the skeletal muscle pump and rapid vasodilation to exercise hyperemia. This investigation examined the contribution of the skeletal muscle pump to the immediate increase in muscle blood flow (MBF) following a single muscle contraction.MethodsPrior vasodilation using glyceryl tri-nitrate (GTN) abolished the impact of contraction-induced vasodilation following a single contraction. Eight healthy individuals completed a series of three, single muscle contractions at 10% of MVIC, each separated by 90 seconds of recovery for the control (CON) condition. For the GTN condition, participants were given a 0.4 mg dose of GTN sublingually and given enough time for brachial artery diameter to reach a new steady-state. The single contraction model from CON was repeated for GTN condition. Each condition was repeated twice for a total of 6 contractions. Brachial artery diameter and blood velocity were obtained using an ultrasound system operating in Duplex mode.ResultsBrachial artery diameter was significantly greater following GTN administration prior to contraction (CON: 0.48 ± 0.07 cm; GTN: 0.56 ± 0.07 cm, p< 0.05, d = 1.15). Forearm blood flow (FBF) was significantly lower (greater retrograde flow in GTN) during the contractile phase following GTN administration (CON: 0.75 ± 38.23 mL/min; GTN: -100.87 ± 45.00 mL/min, p< 0.05, d = 2.43), and significantly greater immediately (within 1 s) following the release of contraction (CON: 160.80 ± 72.91 mL/min; GTN: 232.87 ± 102.78 mL/min, p< 0.05, d = 0.81).ConclusionThis suggests that the immediate increase in FBF with GTN administration is due to rapid vasodilation and mechanical contraction.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1885685</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1885685</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of 10-week French contrast training on lower-limb power, short-distance acceleration, and change-of-direction performance in female collegiate basketball players]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Limingfei Zhou</author><author>Siqi Meng</author><author>Zhenxiang Guo</author><author>Muxi Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundBasketball requires repeated jumping, short-distance acceleration, rapid deceleration, and frequent changes of direction, yet it remains unclear whether French contrast training (FCT) produces greater adaptations than equal-load traditional training (ELT) in female collegiate basketball players. This study examined the effects of a 10-week FCT program on lower-limb power, short-distance acceleration, change-of-direction performance, and one-repetition maximum (1RM) back squat performance.MethodsIn this randomized controlled trial, twenty-five female collegiate basketball players were randomly allocated to an FCT group (n = 13) or an ELT group (n = 12). Jump, sprint, change-of-direction, and 1RM back squat outcomes were assessed before and after training and analyzed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA.ResultsSignificant group × time interactions favored FCT for squat jump, countermovement jump, drop-jump height, reactive strength index (all p < 0.001), and eccentric utilization ratio (p = 0.003). Significant group × time interactions were also observed for 10-m sprint time, 10-m maximal velocity, 10-m maximal acceleration, lane agility, and basketball-specific change-of-direction performance (all p < 0.001). Post hoc analyses showed significant pre-to-post improvements in the FCT group for all jump-related, sprint, and change-of-direction outcomes (p = 0.035 for eccentric utilization ratio; all other p < 0.001). The ELT group also improved in these outcomes, although the magnitude of improvement was generally smaller. For 1RM back squat, there was a significant main effect of time (p < 0.001), with significant improvements in both groups (both p < 0.001), whereas the group × time interaction was not significant (p = 0.106).ConclusionsFCT may provide greater benefits than ELT for improving explosive and basketball-specific rapid movement outcomes in female collegiate basketball players. These findings may help strength and conditioning coaches select FCT when the goal is to improve explosive and rapid multidirectional movement performance rather than maximal strength alone.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1860407</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1860407</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Short-term clinical outcomes associated with local peloid therapy combined with exercise on pain, function, and quality of life in knee osteoarthritis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Nur Gökçe Aydın</author><author>Melek Bilgin</author><author>Halil İbrahim Kaya</author><author>Ahmet Serhat Genç</author><author>Burak Yoldaş</author><author>Samet Hasan Abacı</author><author>Enes Akdemir</author><author>Berna Anıl</author><author>Esra Korkmaz Salkılıç</author><author>Ali Kerim Yılmaz</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundTo evaluate the short-term clinical and functional effects of local peloid therapy combined with exercise compared with exercise alone in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA), using routinely collected clinical data.MethodsThis retrospective comparative study included 70 patients with knee OA. Patients who received local knee peloid applications (30 minutes/day, 5 days/week for 3 weeks) combined with a standardized home exercise program (peloid + exercise; n = 35) were compared with patients who performed the same exercise program alone (exercise-only; n = 35) as part of routine clinical care. Outcome measures included pain [Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)], function [Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score–Physical Function Short Form (KOOS-PS), Oxford Knee Score (OKS)], quality of life [Short Form-36 (SF-36)], functional performance [Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (5xSTS)], range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, and selected systemic inflammatory markers [high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6)].ResultsOutcome data at week 3 were available for 60 participants (peloid + exercise n = 35; exercise-only n = 25). Both groups showed improvement in pain and functional outcomes, with more pronounced short-term improvements observed in the peloid + exercise group, particularly for pain scores, functional performance, muscle strength, and quality-of-life measures. No consistent between-group differences were observed in systemic inflammatory markers.ConclusionsIn this retrospective analysis, the addition of local peloid therapy to exercise was associated with numerically and clinically more pronounced short-term clinical and functional improvements compared with exercise alone, while systemic inflammatory markers showed limited change. These findings support a potential complementary role for local peloid therapy in the short-term rehabilitation of knee OA.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1886499</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1886499</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The relationship between eccentric hamstring strength and eccentric absorption during the landing phase of vertical jumps in soccer players]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Sibel Yildirim</author><author>Fırat Akyüz</author><author>Nihat Özşengezer</author><author>Atilla Orkun Dilber</author><author>Mehmet Ali Ekin</author><author>Kıvanç Buru</author><author>Murat Akyüz</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the relationship between eccentric hamstring strength and biomechanical energy absorption parameters during the landing phase of a vertical jump, and the impact of a pre-season preparation period on these variables in professional soccer players.MethodsThirty-one professional male soccer players (n=31, age: 24.81±5.23 years) participated in the study. Eccentric hamstring strength was measured using the NordBord system, and countermovement jump (CMJ) landing kinetics were assessed via ForceDecks dual force plates before and after the pre-season camp. The landing phase was analyzed through Peak Landing Force, Landing Impulse, and Landing Rate of Force Development (RFD).ResultsAfter the preparation period, a significant decrease in Peak Landing Force (5429.89±1865.7N vs. 4939.13±1449.8N; p=0.012) and a significant increase in Landing Impulse (98.2±18.19 Ns vs. 106.54±24.67 Ns; p=0.029) were observed. Furthermore, a statistically significant reduction of 11.6% was found in Landing RFD (p=0.047). A statistically significant increase of 7.4% was observed in normalized Nordic hamstring strength (p=0.021).ConclusionThe pre-season training period enabled soccer players to develop a “softer” and more controlled landing strategy by enhancing the eccentric braking capacity of the hamstrings. The reduction in impact forces and the increase in impulse indicate more effective absorption of loads on the knee joint. Integrating eccentric hamstring exercises and landing mechanics drills into training programs is recommended to reduce injury risk.]]></description>
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