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        <title>Frontiers in Physiology | Exercise Physiology section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/sections/exercise-physiology</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Exercise Physiology section in the Frontiers in Physiology journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
        <generator>Frontiers Feed Generator,version:1</generator>
        <pubDate>2026-05-03T20:00:21.45+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1793253</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1793253</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: Integrated cardiovascular and respiratory training as a novel therapeutic approach in a case of painful left bundle branch block]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Oscar Crisafulli</author><author>Venere Quintiero</author><author>Caio V. Spaggiari</author><author>Anna Odone</author><author>Giuseppe D’Antona</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundLeft bundle branch block (LBBB) is a heart rate (HR)–dependent cardiac conduction disorder that may occur in the absence of structural heart disease and can be associated with painful episodes. Evidence supporting exercise-based interventions in this setting is limited. We report the case of a 41-year-old woman with paroxysmal, painful LBBB, with onset occurring marginally above resting HR.MethodsAfter a diagnostic evaluation demonstrating preserved biventricular function, absence of myocardial ischemia, and normal hemodynamic responses, a 10-month supervised training program was implemented in three sequential phases: (1) diaphragmatic breathing exercise; (2) aerobic exercise performed below the individual LBBB HR threshold; (3) interval and steady-state aerobic exercise prescribed according to individually determined ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2). Resting HR, HR at LBBB onset, maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max), ventilatory thresholds, and their associated HRs were longitudinally assessed.ResultsAfter training, resting HR decreased by 15 bpm, while HR at LBBB onset increased by 50 bpm, markedly expanding the safe exertional window. V˙O2max improved progressively, together with upward shifts in VT1 and VT2, and reductions in corresponding HRs. Importantly, the patient reported resolution of LBBB-related pain during daily activities and even when LBBB was occasionally elicited at higher exercise intensities.ConclusionsThis case suggests that a tailored respiratory and aerobic training program may safely improve cardiovascular efficiency, functional capacity, and symptom control in a patient with painful, HR-dependent LBBB. Individualized exercise training may represent a non-invasive adjunct or alternative to pharmacological or pacing strategies in selected patients.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1821632</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1821632</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects and adaptation of high-altitude hypoxia on lipid metabolism: mechanisms and health implications]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Yu Fan</author><author>WeiWei Guo</author><author>LiXin Yang</author><author>HaiQi Xu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[High-altitude environments impose substantial metabolic constraints on human physiology, with oxygen limitation driving profound alterations in lipid regulation. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the context-dependent effects of high-altitude hypoxia (HAH) on systemic lipid metabolism across high-altitude native populations and lowlanders exposed to altitude, with particular attention to Tibetan and Andean settings. Acute hypoxic exposure is characterized by rapid lipid mobilization, enhanced glycolytic flux, suppressed lipoprotein lipase activity, and dynamic fluctuations in circulating lipids. In contrast, acclimatization and long-term adaptation are associated with a shift toward more oxygen-efficient substrate utilization, often accompanied by reduced fatty-acid oxidation, improved insulin sensitivity, and population-specific changes in lipid profiles. However, in non-acclimatized or metabolically vulnerable individuals, sustained HAH exposure may also promote dyslipidemia, inflammation, and adverse cardiometabolic effects. By integrating evidence on HIF-mediated metabolic reprogramming, neuroendocrine regulation, genetic adaptation, and the microbiota–bile acid axis, this review highlights the heterogeneity of lipid responses to hypoxia and discusses their implications for cardiometabolic risk, preventive medicine, and future altitude-related metabolic research.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1809614</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1809614</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of different exercises on motor and non-motor abilities in patients with Parkinson disease—a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Jianfeng Tang</author><author>Xinhong Liu</author><author>Jianqiang Guan</author><author>Sitao Li</author><author>Zenghui Xing</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveTo systematically investigate and evaluate the effects of different exercise (TT: treadmill training; ST: sensorimotor training; NW: Nordic walking; CT: cycling training; WT: walking training; DT: dance training; VRT: VR training; RT: resistance training; AQT: aquatic training; BOX: boxing training; Qigong and Yoga) modalities on both motor and non-motor abilities in patients with Parkinson’s disease.MethodsRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) concerning the impact of various exercise modes on motor and non-motor abilities in Parkinson’s patients were identified by searching the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane library, CINAHL and CNKI databases. The search period spanned from the inception of each database to December 2025. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.ResultsA total of 67 RCTs involving 2642 patients were included. Network meta-analysis results indicated that WT most effectively improved UPDRS-III (SUCRA=92.5%); DT was most effective in improving TUG (SUCRA=89.9%) and 6MWT (SUCRA=73.3%); NW best improved BBS (SUCRA=91.1%) and MoCA (SUCRA=91.1%). AQT best improved PDQ-39 (SUCRA=88.5%).ConclusionCurrent evidence suggests that exercise involving walking and dance, which stimulates neural regulation, can help improve motor function and cognitive abilities in people with Parkinson’s disease. Patients can choose exercises based on their current fitness level.Systematic review registrationhttps://osf.io/7x5kc/.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1809119</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1809119</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Validity and reliability of a wearable armband for continuous sweat conductivity monitoring during exercise]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Antoine Ferrari</author><author>Sébastien Ratel</author><author>Serge Berthoin</author><author>Jean-Philippe Garnier</author><author>Georges Baquet</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionSweating is essential for thermoregulation during exercise but causes variable losses of water and sodium chloride (NaCl). Field-based methods to assess these losses are limited by sampling errors and the lack of real-time feedback. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the BeOne armband for continuous measurement of sweat conductivity, used to estimate sweat [NaCl] equivalent in real time.MethodsTen armbands were first tested against standard NaCl solutions (5–120 mmol·L−1) to assess the validity of the conductivity measurement. Reliability was then examined in sixteen men who completed two 60-min cycling sessions at 150 W in temperate condition (24 ± 1 °C; 50 ± 10% RH) while wearing armbands on both forearms. Outcomes included sweat onset (defined as the time from exercise onset to first detection of sweat conductivity), sweat [NaCl] equivalent drift, and time-normalized [NaCl] equivalent kinetics.ResultsMeasured values showed minimal bias (0.28 mmol·L−1, 95% LoA: –1.21 to 1.77), very low CVs (0.5–2.6%), and excellent inter-device agreement (ICC = 1.00) for conductivity measurements. During exercise, sweat onset did not differ between arms or sessions, but showed moderate within-session (ICC = 0.72) and low between-session reliability (ICC = 0.29), indicating substantial day-to-day variability of this specific index. Drift indices and time-normalized [NaCl] equivalent kinetics revealed a reproducible temporal profile, characterized by an initial peak, a rapid decline, a gradual increase, and a plateau toward the end of exercise.ConclusionThe BeOne armband demonstrated excellent analytical validity for sweat conductivity measurement and reliable within-session characterization of conductivity-derived sweat electrolyte dynamics. Although conductivity-based [NaCl] equivalents do not represent a laboratory gold standard and remain sensitive to matrix effects and non-specific ionic contributions, this approach appears sufficiently robust for applied sport-science contexts requiring continuous monitoring.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1794580</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1794580</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of 12 weeks resistance training  on muscle quality and physical performance in normal-weight and obese older women]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Nicolás Vidal-Seguel</author><author>Alexis Sepúlveda-Lara</author><author>Juan Carranza-Leiva</author><author>Carlos Márquez</author><author>Nolberto Huard</author><author>Jorge Sapunar</author><author>Luis A. Salazar</author><author>Estefanía Nova-Lamperti</author><author>Gabriel Nasri Marzuca-Nassr</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Ageing and obesity are major public health issues, both associated with reductions in muscle mass, strength, and physical performance. Muscle quality, which integrates the morphological and functional characteristics of skeletal muscle, is a key predictor of independence and mortality in older adults. Obesity is linked to additional structural and functional alterations in muscle during ageing, alongside a potential anabolic resistance. Although resistance training (RT) has been shown to improve muscle mass and quality in older adults, evidence in older women with obesity remains limited. This study aimed to compare the effects of a 12-week progressive, whole-body RT programme on muscle quality parameters and physical performance in women aged 60–79 years with obesity (68 ± 4.21 years; body mass index [BMI] = 33.01 ± 2.62 kg/m²; body fat percentage= 42.23% ± 2.98%; n = 16) versus age-matched normal-weight women (66 ± 4.31 years; BMI = 22.60 ± 1.36 kg/m²; body fat percentage= 33.11% ± 3.61%; n = 14). RT was performed three times per week for 12 weeks. Before and after the intervention, morphological indicators of muscle quality (quadriceps muscle thickness and echointensity) and physical performance were assessed. Both groups showed significant post-training improvements in quadriceps thickness (time effect, p < 0.001); maximal strength in leg extension, leg flexion, leg press, chest press, and elbow extension (p < 0.001), lower-limb power, and muscle quality index (p < 0.001), as well as physical performance (p < 0.001); In conclusion, although the increase in muscle thickness and the reduction in body fat percentage were only significant in the normal-weight group, 12 weeks of RT are effective in improving functional parameters of muscle quality and physical performance in normal-weight and obese older women. This supports RT as an effective strategy to optimise musculoskeletal health in this population.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1820693</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1820693</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Analysis of player heart rate and stroke success in tennis drill scenarios]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ibrahim Cem Balci</author><author>Buse Cicek</author><author>Irem Sayin</author><author>Serkan Salturk</author><author>Onur Sarialioglu</author><author>Deniz Ozel</author><author>Nika Kakulia</author><author>Ali Anil Demircali</author><author>Huseyin Uvet</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Heart rate (HR) is a practical indicator of physiological load and arousal, yet its shot by shot relationship with tennis performance remains insufficiently characterized. We quantified associations between HR and stroke outcome and spatial accuracy during a standardized target based drill. The dataset comprised 8,197 shots from 23 players across 93 training sessions. HR was sampled at 1 Hz and temporally aligned to each shot using a fixed ±5 s window around the shot reference time, enabling the extraction of absolute HR levels, short term HR changes and HR intensity zones. Shot outcomes (successful/unsuccessful) and distance to the nearest target area corner were obtained using a camera based tracking system. Successful strokes were generally associated with lower HR levels (p< 0.001; small effects, r ≈ 0.17). Short term HR dynamics provided limited additional discrimination, with only pre-shot change showing a small difference between outcomes. HR intensity zones were associated with success (p< 0.001), with a greater proportion of successful strokes occurring in lower zones (Zones 1-3). Accounting for repeated shots within sessions and players, mixed-effects models were additionally fitted. Higher HR remained associated with lower odds of shot success (OR per 10 bpm = 0.957, 95% CI 0.953-0.961) and a model using heart rate at the shot instant yielded very similar estimates. The continuous distance outcome showed weaker evidence after hierarchical adjustment. Overall, shot-aligned HR monitoring may provide useful contextual information for interpreting performance during precision-focused drills. However, the modest effect sizes suggest that HR should be considered alongside technical and task-related indicators rather than as a primary basis for training decisions.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1807399</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1807399</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Physiological associations with heart rate–speed decoupling during a half-marathon in adolescent endurance runners]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Weiyu Wang</author><author>Ruihang Zhou</author><author>Guangze He</author><author>Yumeng Si</author><author>Yongqin Cao</author><author>Pengxi Zheng</author><author>Wei Zi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionFrom a process-oriented perspective of endurance durability, this exploratory study aimed to characterize the dynamic evolution of heart rate–running speed decoupling during a simulated half-marathon in adolescent endurance athletes and to examine phase-specific associations between decoupling characteristics and physiological regulation.MethodsThirteen adolescent endurance runners with systematic endurance training completed a 21.1-km simulated half-marathon under self-paced conditions. Heart rate and running speed were recorded continuously and aggregated into consecutive 2-km distance segments. Internal and external loads were normalized to individual maximal heart rate and running speed at VO2peak, respectively, and used to derive a relative heart rate–running speed decoupling index (DMi). Decoupling characteristics included the distance of decoupling onset (Onset), maximal decoupling magnitude (DMmax), and mean decoupling during the late phase of exercise (15–20 km). Core body temperature, interstitial glucose concentration, and sweat-derived estimates of fluid and sodium loss were monitored concurrently. Associations were examined using Spearman correlation analysis.ResultsHeart rate–running speed decoupling increased progressively throughout the run and showed substantial inter-individual variability. The median decoupling onset occurred at 10.0 km (interquartile range: 7.0–12.0 km). An earlier onset was associated with greater concurrent increases in core body temperature (ρ = −0.579, p = 0.038) and sodium loss per unit distance (ρ = −0.605, p = 0.037). The maximal decoupling magnitude (DMmax) was positively correlated with changes in core body temperature (ρ = 0.632, p = 0.021) and sodium loss per unit distance (ρ = 0.643, p = 0.024). In contrast, the change in decoupling during the final stage of the run (15–20 km) was not associated with thermoregulatory or fluid–electrolyte indices but was positively correlated with changes in glucose concentration (ρ = 0.599, p = 0.031).DiscussionDuring a simulated half-marathon, heart rate–running speed decoupling evolved progressively in adolescent endurance athletes and demonstrated marked inter-individual variability. Decoupling onset and maximal magnitude were primarily associated with thermoregulatory and electrolyte-related physiological loads during the early to middle stages of exercise, whereas decoupling dynamics in the latter stage were more closely aligned with physiological responses related to energy supply regulation. These findings support heart rate–running speed decoupling as a durability-related indicator with phase-specific physiological characteristics during prolonged endurance exercise.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1853138</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1853138</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Correction: Effects of exercise regimens on balance ability in older patients with osteoporosis: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Correction</category>
        <author>Xiangyue Liu</author><author>Mengjing Chang</author><author>Huiyun Yuan</author><author>Xuemei Zheng</author><author>Wenling Tian</author><author>Dongwen Li</author><author>Dongfa Liao</author><author>Lin Cui</author>
        <description></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1820331</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1820331</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Comparative effects of unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on physical fitness in adolescent team-sport athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-27T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Fengming Zhang</author><author>Yang Liu</author><author>Shijie Shi</author><author>Hanpeng Wang</author><author>Jiale Liu</author><author>Oleksandr Yeremenko</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the relative effects of unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on jump, sprint, and change-of-direction performance in adolescent team-sport athletes.MethodsA systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases. Effect sizes were calculated from pre- and post-training changes and pooled using a random-effects model, expressed as SMD (Hedges’ g) and its 95% CI.ResultsA total of 11 studies involving 388 participants were included. Between-group comparisons showed no significant differences for countermovement jump (CMJ) (SMD = −0.06, 95% CI −0.32 to 0.20, I² = 0%, p = 0.649), standing long jump (SLJ) (SMD = −0.20, 95% CI −0.55 to 0.15, I² = 0%, p = 0.268), ≤10 m sprint (SMD = −0.22, 95% CI −0.53 to 0.09, I² = 0%, p = 0.164), ≥20 m sprint (SMD = −0.06, 95% CI −0.31 to 0.20, I² = 0%, p = 0.669), or change-of-direction (COD) (SMD = −0.01, 95% CI −0.33 to 0.31, I² = 27.9%, p = 0.946). Unilateral plyometric training showed greater improvements in single-leg tasks, including single-leg CMJ (SMD = 0.34, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.61, I² = 0%, p = 0.013) and single-leg COD (SMD = −0.61, 95% CI −1.01 to −0.21, I² = 0%, p = 0.003).ConclusionThis study found no clear between-group advantage between unilateral and bilateral plyometric training for bilateral jump performance (CMJ and SLJ), sprint performance (≤10 m and ≥20 m), or COD. However, unilateral plyometric training appeared to provide greater benefits in single-leg tasks, particularly single-leg CMJ and single-leg COD, suggesting a possible task-specific advantage.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier PROSPERO CRD420261324213.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1793755</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1793755</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Influence of experience on cardiovascular diving reflex in professional divers]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-27T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Subhojit Jash</author><author>Sajan Kapil</author><author>S Kanagaraj</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe underwater environment triggers the autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses during self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) diving, which aims to conserve oxygen during submersion. The aim of the study is to evaluate cardiovascular responses in professional SCUBA divers by analysing heart rate dynamics across dive phases and comparing responses between novice and experienced divers in a real-world setting.MethodTwenty certified divers performed standard dives to a minimum depth of 66 feet and remained there for 5 minutes as part of the protocol. The dive was divided into six phases: rest, pre-dive, descent, bottom, ascent, and post-dive. The heart rate across different dive phases and cardiovascular reflex indices, such as heart rate drop and the minimum heart rate, is calculated. Statistical analysis was performed to comprehend the differences across phases and changes in cardiovascular reflex indices between diving experience groups.ResultsThe statistical analysis shows noteworthy differences in heart rate across dive phases. The notable variations were between the pre-dive and bottom phases (p<0.05) and between the descent and bottom phases(p<0.05). The study highlights the persistence of bradycardia even when depth remained constant, and a difference of 7.71 percentage points in the percentage drop in heart rate between experienced and novice divers.DiscussionExperienced divers showed a pattern of lower heart-rate responses than novice divers across selected phases of the dive. The findings point to the value of further work on diver health monitoring, training, and cardiovascular adaptation in larger samples. Experienced divers should be regularly screened for cardiovascular disease to avoid any adverse events.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1823162</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1823162</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The effects of kinesio taping on dynamic balance in patients with chronic ankle instability: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-27T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Shilong Meng</author><author>Xinlei Fu</author><author>Yawei Xu</author><author>Xu Zhang</author><author>Zhiliang Peng</author><author>Yanguang Cao</author><author>Binbin Tang</author><author>Xiaolin Shi</author><author>Kang Liu</author><author>Jiepeng Zhu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundKinesio taping (KT) is commonly used as an adjunct in the rehabilitation of chronic ankle instability (CAI) and is proposed to enhance proprioception and dynamic stability. However, evidence regarding its clinical effectiveness remains inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the effects of KT on dynamic balance and related functional outcomes in individuals with CAI.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and the VIP Database, covering the period from the inception of each database to 1 October 2025. Randomized controlled trials or randomized crossover trials involving KT intervention for CAI patients were included. Outcome measures included Y-balance test (YBT) scores (anterior, posteromedial, posterolateral), Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) scores (anterior, posteromedial, posterolateral), and Single Hop Distance Test (SHDT). The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to assess study quality, and the certainty of evidence for the outcomes was evaluated using the GRADE approach. Meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 18.0 software, with results presented as standardized mean differences (SMD) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).ResultsA total of 8 studies involving 190 participants from 4 countries/regions were included. Compared with the control group, the KT group showed a small but significant improvement in the YBT total score (SMD = 0.269, 95% CI: 0.031-0.508), YBT posterolateral score (SMD = 0.385, 95% CI: 0.106-0.664), and SEBT anterior score (SMD = 0.686, 95% CI: 0.083-1.289), suggesting that KT may exert a modest beneficial effect on dynamic balance in certain directions. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between groups for SEBT total score, posteromedial and posterolateral directions, or SHDT (P>0.05).ConclusionCurrent evidence suggests that KT may provide a modest, direction-specific improvement in dynamic balance in individuals with CAI, while additional benefits for functional performance remain uncertain. KT may be considered a simple and low-cost adjunct to comprehensive rehabilitation (e.g., strengthening, proprioceptive, and balance training), but should not replace conventional interventions. Further high-quality trials with standardized taping protocols and medium- to long-term follow-up are needed.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD420251165413.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1807492</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1807492</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Comparison of low load blood flow restriction and high load resistance training of the finger flexors in advanced level climbers: a pilot study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Vidar Andersen</author><author>Espen Hermans</author><author>Kristoffer Gunther Hansen</author><author>Tom Erik Jorung Solstad</author><author>Atle Hole Saeterbakken</author><author>Jiří Baláš</author><author>Gøran Paulsen</author><author>Nicolay Stien</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe aim of the present pilot study was to compare the effects of low load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) with high load resistance training (HL) in advanced level climbers.MethodsTwenty-two climbers were randomly allocated to LL-BFR or HL performing training twice per week for five weeks. Before and after the intervention the participants were tested in isometric pull-up (peak- and average force), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in a finger flexor exercise, finger endurance, forearm circumference, and climbing performance. ResultsThere were no group differences in any of the tests (p=0.346-0.891), however, both groups increased their average force in the pull-up (LL-BFR; 52 N, p=0.012, HL; 56 N, p=0.024), MVC (LL-BFR; 15 kg, p=0.008, HL; 17 kg, p=0.002), forearm circumference (LL-BFR; 0.8 cm, p=0.012, HL; 0.6, p=0.038) and climbing performance (LL-BFR; 13.5 moves, p=0.012, HL; 10 moves, p=0.003). No pre-post differences were observed for the peak force in the pull-up (p=0.132-0.376) or the endurance test (p=0.752-1.000). DiscussionIn conclusion, resistance training of the finger flexors with HL or LL-BFR resulted in no between-group differences, with both interventions improving maximal strength, hypertrophy, and climbing performance, but not endurance.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1816311</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1816311</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Fatigue protocols and athletic performance: a systematic review with a focus on ecological relevance]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Ying Yu</author><author>Xinbi Zhang</author><author>Na Zhang</author><author>Yansheng Qu</author><author>Xuyang Wang</author><author>Ke He</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundFatigue is a major factor influencing athletic performance, yet findings across studies remain inconsistent. This inconsistency is likely related to substantial heterogeneity in fatigue-induction protocols, fatigue verification methods, and performance outcomes. This systematic review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the effects of sports fatigue on athletic performance and to discuss the ecological relevance of existing experimental fatigue models.MethodsA systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus up to November 2025. Randomized controlled trials with crossover or parallel-group designs investigating athletic performance under fatigue in trained athletes were eligible for inclusion.ResultsA total of 56 experimental studies were included. Physical fatigue generally impaired physical performance, whereas its effects on perceptual-cognitive performance were heterogeneous across protocols, tasks, and outcome measures. Mental fatigue generally impaired endurance, motor skill, and perceptual-cognitive performance, with less consistent evidence for strength- and power-related outcomes. Evidence on dual fatigue was limited but suggested negative effects on endurance and perceptual-cognitive performance.ConclusionCurrent evidence is characterized by considerable heterogeneity in fatigue-induction protocols, fatigue verification methods, and performance outcomes. Single-fatigue paradigms remain valuable for mechanistic isolation, whereas dual-fatigue paradigms may offer complementary ecological relevance by approximating the concurrent physical and cognitive demands of sport. Future research should develop more standardized and ecologically valid fatigue models and further examine potential countermeasures, including neuroenhancement tools and targeted training strategies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1827385</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1827385</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effect of conventional warm-up versus stretching warm-up on physical performance in children soccer players: a randomized crossover trial]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jordan Hernandez-Martínez</author><author>Izham Cid-Calfucura</author><author>Joaquín Perez-Carcamo</author><author>Sebastián Canales-Canales</author><author>Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz</author><author>Edgar Vásquez-Carrasco</author><author>Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela</author><author>Pablo Valdés-Badilla</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionTo evaluate the effects of the conventional warm-up (CC) compared to warm-ups that included static (SSC), dynamic (DSC), or ballistic (BSC) stretching on jump performance (CMJ, SJ, DJ), curve sprint speed, agility (ICODT), and ball kicking speed in male children soccer players.MethodsEighteen male soccer players (mean age: 11.2 ± 2.4 years) experiencing four warm-up conditions: CC, SSC, DSC, and BSC. They were performed in a random sequence with a 72-hour recovery period in between. After each warm-up, physical performance was measured through the CMJ, SJ, DJ, curved sprint speed, ICODT, and ball kicking speed.ResultsSignificant improvements were observed in the ICODT for SSC and DSC compared to CC (p < 0.001). In the CC and SSC conditions, better performance was obtained in curved sprint speed (p = 0.003) compared to DSC, in ball kicking speed with the dominant foot for all stretching conditions (SSC, DSC, and BSC) compared to CC (p < 0.001), and in ball kicking speed with the non-dominant foot for DSC and BSC compared to CC (p = 0.002).DiscussionIn conclusion, that warm-ups incorporating SSC and DSC enhance ICODT in children’s soccer players, while all stretching modalities improve ball kicking speed with the dominant foot compared to a CC. For curve sprint speed, the CC and SSC were more effective than DSC.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1705876</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1705876</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Exercise-induced oxidative and hematological responses in adolescent female swimmers during the luteal phase]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Justyna Cichoń-Woźniak</author><author>Hanna Dziewiecka</author><author>Joanna Ostapiuk-Karolczuk</author><author>Marta Mydłowska</author><author>Małgorzata Szymańczuk</author><author>Anna Skarpańska-Stejnborn</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionPhysiological response to exercise in young female athletes is understudied, especially regarding how the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle influences performance in demanding sports such as swimming. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the post-exercise cortisol response, oxidative stress markers, and hematological parameters following a moderate-intensity exercise test in trained adolescent female swimmers.Materials and methods:Eighteen swimmers (aged 12–16 years) performed a swimming test (800m + 200m + 50m) during their rigorously verified luteal phase. Blood samples were collected before exercise, immediately after exercise, and after 3 hours of recovery. It was registered retrospectively on clinicaltrials.gov under NCT06903195 (March 17, 2025).ResultsModerate-intensity exercise significantly increased 8-isoprostane levels (100.70 (40.50-131.00) vs 145.10 (99.16-190.40), p<0.05), while cortisol and 4-hydroxynonenal levels decreased after 3 hours. Microscopic blood smear analysis showed erythrocyte anisocytosis and poikilocytosis, toxic granulation in granulocytes, and activated lymphocytes.ConclusionThe evaluation of young female swimmers during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle revealed stable and subsequently decreasing cortisol levels, indicating that the exercise did not elicit a significant endocrine stress response. In contrast, the same protocol resulted in elevated levels of 8-isoprostanes. This latter finding demonstrates that the moderate-intensity exercise was sufficient to induce exercise-induced oxidative stress in this specific group of athletes.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1809652</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1809652</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Limb asymmetry in swimmers and its correlation with sprint performance]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jinjin Dai</author><author>Junjun Xu</author><author>Jianjun Lin</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundInter-limb strength asymmetry is well-established as an injury risk factor, yet its relationship with athletic performance remains controversial and context-dependent. In swimming-a bilateral cyclical sport theoretically requiring symmetrical force production-the characteristics and performance implications of strength asymmetry remain insufficiently understood, particularly regarding contraction velocity and sex.ObjectiveThis study aimed to: (1) characterize shoulder and hip isokinetic strength asymmetry in competitive swimmers at 60°/s and 180°/s; (2) explore sex differences in asymmetry profiles; and (3) examine associations of absolute strength and strength asymmetry with sprint performance.MethodsThirty-two swimmers (20 males, 12 females) aged 18–22 years completed isokinetic assessments of shoulder flexion/extension, shoulder internal/external rotation, and hip flexion/extension at 60°/s and 180°/s. Asymmetry indices were calculated using the percentage difference method. Swimming performance was evaluated via 15-m start, turn, and 100-m freestyle times. Between-session reliability was established (ICC = 0.988–0.998; CV = 1.85%–6.25%). Mann–Whitney U tests, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and Spearman rank correlation were performed.ResultsMales demonstrated significantly greater absolute strength and faster performance times than females (all p<0.001). Mann–Whitney U tests revealed a significant sex difference in hip extension asymmetry at 180°/s, with female swimmers exhibiting greater asymmetry than males (p = 0.019). Asymmetry indices were generally higher at 180°/s than at 60°/s, with significant velocity-dependent increases only for shoulder external rotation in males (Z = –2.373, p = 0.016, r = 0.531). Spearman rank correlation showed that, in females, hip extension torque at 60°/s was significantly positively correlated with turn time (left: rho = 0.679, p < 0.05; right: rho = 0.618, p < 0.05). In males, left shoulder extension at 60°/s and 180°/s showed significant negative correlations with turn time (rho = –0.470 and –0.531, respectively, both p < 0.05). No significant correlations were observed between any asymmetry index and performance in either sex.ConclusionStrength asymmetry in swimmers is movement-, velocity-, and sex-specific, with female swimmers exhibiting greater hip extension asymmetry at high velocity. Absolute hip extensor strength is significantly associated with turn performance in females, whereas in males, shoulder extensor strength correlates negatively with turn time. Strength asymmetry is generally unrelated to swimming performance, supporting the view that asymmetry should not be universally deemed detrimental. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for individualized strength diagnostics in competitive swimming.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1778157</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1778157</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Peak external game demands are impacted by season phase but not match outcome or a mid-season coaching change in semi-professional, male basketball players]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Abel Ruiz-Álvarez</author><author>Enrique Alonso-Pérez-Chao</author><author>Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez</author><author>Aaron T. Scanlan</author><author>Miguel-Angel Gómez-Ruano</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionBasketball competition imposes high physical demands on players. Quantifying the peak demands (PD) encountered is useful to identify the most intense passages of play, with more research needed to better understand factors that may impact PD. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of season phase, match outcome, and a mid-season coaching change on PD in semi-professional, male basketball players.MethodsEleven players from a single team competing in the Spanish fourth division were monitored across 33 official matches during the 2021–2022 season. PlayerLoad™ (PL) was measured using a validated local positioning system and analyzed across 30-s, 60-s, and 180-s rolling windows. Contextual variables included season phase (preseason, first half, second half, and promotion), match outcome (win and loss), and coaching change (before and after a mid-season change in head coach). Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare PD between conditions.ResultsSeason phase significantly (p <0.05) influenced PD across all time windows (30 s, 60 s, and 180 s), with higher values observed during the pre-season and promotion phases compared to both halves of the regular season. PD over 180 s was also higher in the pre-season than in the promotion phase. Regarding match outcome, PD over 30 s was significantly greater in losses than in wins (p = 0.0049, large effect), while 60 s and 180 s windows showed non-significant, large trends in the same direction. No significant differences were found in PD before versus after the mid-season coaching change, suggesting no meaningful impact on these external demands.ConclusionThese findings may help inform player training prescriptions and preparatory plans aligning with fluctuations in match demands across season phases.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1845248</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1845248</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Correction: Recent advances in training intensity distribution theory for cyclic endurance sports: theoretical foundations, model comparisons, and periodization characteristics]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Correction</category>
        <author>Qihao Sun</author><author>Yin Yu</author><author>Jiayue Cui</author><author>Simin Lin</author><author>Xiaohan Wang</author><author>Tian Zhou</author>
        <description></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1710727</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1710727</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Impact of overweight on spatiotemporal gait parameters and lower-limb biomechanics in functional ankle instability]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Dunbing Huang</author><author>Chen Zhang</author><author>Jiaqi Wang</author><author>Hongfei Ren</author><author>Zhenhua Wu</author><author>Lihong Li</author><author>Xiaohua Ke</author><author>Zhonghua Lin</author><author>Cai Jiang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundAnkle sprains are common in physically active populations and may progress to functional ankle instability, which can impair gait. Excess body mass increases lower-limb loading and may further compromise walking function in this population.ObjectiveTo examine whether overweight status influences spatiotemporal gait parameters, gait deviation/variability indices, and sagittal-plane hip, knee, and ankle biomechanics during level walking in individuals with functional ankle instability.MethodsIn this cross-sectional comparative analysis, forty-four adults with functional ankle instability were enrolled (22 normal-weight and 22 overweight). Three-dimensional motion analysis was used during self-selected speed walking to quantify spatiotemporal parameters, gait deviation/variability indices, and sagittal-plane hip, knee, and ankle kinematics and kinetics. Multiple comparisons across gait outcomes were controlled using a Holm-Bonferroni correction (family-wise error rate 0.05).ResultsAfter Holm–Bonferroni correction, spatiotemporal parameters did not differ significantly between groups. For gait deviation/variability indices, several measures showed nominal (unadjusted) between-group differences, but none remained significant after correction. For discrete sagittal-plane biomechanics, the overweight group demonstrated lower peak hip flexion after correction (P_adj < 0.05), whereas hip flexion at toe-off showed a nominal difference but did not remain significant after correction (P_adj ≥ 0.05).ConclusionAfter multiplicity control, overweight status was mainly associated with reduced hip flexion-related mechanics rather than consistent spatiotemporal or deviation/variability alterations in adults with functional ankle instability.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1805250</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1805250</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of unilateral training on rapid force production in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Yuan Zhuang</author><author>Yugang Zhang</author><author>Lei Ma</author><author>JoonYoung Han</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionUnilateral training has been increasingly applied in athletic conditioning; however, its effects on rate of force development (RFD) remain unclear. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of unilateral training on RFD in athletes.MethodsA systematic search was conducted across major electronic databases to identify studies examining the effects of unilateral training on RFD. Eligible studies were included based on predefined criteria, and a meta-analysis was performed to quantify the overall effects.ResultsThe findings indicated that unilateral training produced significant improvements in RFD among athletes, although the magnitude of effects varied depending on training protocols and participant characteristicsDiscussionUnilateral training appears to be an effective strategy for enhancing RFD in athletes. These findings provide practical implications for strength and conditioning programs, while highlighting the need for further research to clarify optimal training parameters.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier CRD420251030088.]]></description>
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