AUTHOR=Nakandalage Niluka , Nicolas Marc , Norton Robert M. , Hirotsu Naoki , Milham Paul J. , Seneweera Saman 

TITLE=Improving Rice Zinc Biofortification Success Rates Through Genetic and Crop Management Approaches in a Changing Environment

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Plant Science

VOLUME=Volume 7 - 2016

YEAR=2016

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2016.00764

DOI=10.3389/fpls.2016.00764

ISSN=1664-462X

ABSTRACT=Review Article
Improving rice zinc biofortification success rates through genetic and crop management approaches in a changing environment
Niluka Nakandalage1, Marc Nicolas2, Robert M Norton3, Naoki Hirotsu4, Paul J Milham5 and Saman Seneweera6*
1Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia; Email: nnakandalage@student.unimelb.edu.au
2Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia; Email: marcen@unimelb.edu.au
3International Plant Nutrition Institute, 54 Florence St, Horsham, Victoria, Australia
4Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura, Gunma 374-0193, Japan; Email: hirotsu@toyo.jp
5Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, LB 1797 Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; Email: p.milham@westernsydney.edu.au
6Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba Qld 4350, Australia; Email: saman.seneweera@usq.edu.au

* Correspondence: Saman Seneweera, 
         Centre for Crop Health
         University of Southern Queensland
         Toowoomba Qld 4350
         Australia
         Email: saman.seneweera@usq.edu.au
Number of words: 5132
Number of figures: 02

Headings and sub headings of paper
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Zinc and human health on a global perspective
3. Rice as source of Zn
4. Key determinents of grain zinc concentration 
4.1. Zn uptake and translocation in rice
4.2. Zn remobilization and loading into the grain
4.3. Phytosiderophores in zinc homeostasis 
4.4.Plant available Zn in soil
4.5. Rising [CO2] and grain Zn
4.6. Fertilizers as a grain Zn determinant
4.7. Anti-nutrients and Zn bioavailability
5. Ways to overcome global dietary Zn deficiency
6. Conventional breeding as an effective tool for Zn biofortification
7. Conclusions
8. Future research focus 
Conflicts of Interest
Authors and Contributors
Acknowledgments
References

Abstract: Though rice is the predominant source of energy and micronutrients for more than half of the world population, it does not provide enough zinc (Zn) to match human nutritional requirements. Moreover, climate change, particularly rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, reduces the grain Zn concentration. Therefore, rice biofortification has been recognized as a key target to increase the grain Zn concentration to address global Zn malnutrition. Major bottlenecks for Zn biofortification in rice are identified as low Zn uptake, transport and loading into the grain; however, environmental and genetic contributions to grain Zn accumulation in rice have not been fully explored.