AUTHOR=Wang Yichao , Liu Shuya , Wang Jing , Yao Yanxin , Chen Yang , Xu Qing , Zhao Zengxia , Chen Nansheng 

TITLE=Diatom Biodiversity and Speciation Revealed by Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial Genomes

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Plant Science

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2022

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.749982

DOI=10.3389/fpls.2022.749982

ISSN=1664-462X

ABSTRACT=<p>Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) constitute one of the most diverse and ecologically significant groups of phytoplankton, comprising 100,000–200,000 species in three classes Bacillariophyceae, Mediophyceae, and Coscinodiscophyceae. However, due to the limited resolution of common molecular markers including 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, ITS, <italic>rbcL</italic>, and <italic>cox1</italic>, diatom biodiversity has not been adequately ascertained. Organelle genomes including mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) have been proposed to be “super barcodes” for distinguishing diatom species because of their rich genomic content, and the rapid progress of DNA sequencing technologies that has made it possible to construct mtDNAs with increasing throughout and decreasing cost. Here, we constructed complete mtDNAs of 15 diatom species including five Coscinodiscophyceae species (<italic>Guinardia delicatula</italic>, <italic>Guinardia striata</italic>, <italic>Stephanopyxis turris</italic>, <italic>Paralia sulcata</italic>, and <italic>Actinocyclus</italic> sp.), four Mediophyceae species (<italic>Hemiaulus sinensis</italic>, <italic>Odontella aurita var. minima</italic>, <italic>Lithodesmioides</italic> sp., and <italic>Helicotheca tamesis</italic>), and six Bacillariophyceae species (<italic>Nitzschia ovalis</italic>, <italic>Nitzschia</italic> sp., <italic>Nitzschia traheaformis</italic>, <italic>Cylindrotheca closterium</italic>, <italic>Haslea tsukamotoi</italic>, and <italic>Pleurosigma</italic> sp.) to test the practicality of using mtDNAs as super barcodes. We found that mtDNAs have much higher resolution compared to common molecular markers as expected. Comparative analysis of mtDNAs also suggested that mtDNAs are valuable in evolutionary studies by revealing extensive genome rearrangement events with gene duplications, gene losses, and gains and losses of introns. Synteny analyses of mtDNAs uncovered high conservation among species within an order, but extensive rearrangements including translocations and/or inversions between species of different orders within a class. Duplication of <italic>cox1</italic> was discovered for the first time in diatoms in <italic>Nitzschia traheaformis</italic> and <italic>Haslea tsukamotoi</italic>. Molecular dating analysis revealed that the three diatom classes split 100 Mya and many diatom species appeared since 50 Mya. In conclusion, more diatom mtDNAs representing different orders will play great dividends to explore biodiversity and speciation of diatoms in different ecological regions.</p>