AUTHOR=Darbyshire Madeleine , Salazar-Gomez Adrian , Gao Junfeng , Sklar Elizabeth I. , Parsons Simon TITLE=Towards practical object detection for weed spraying in precision agriculture JOURNAL=Frontiers in Plant Science VOLUME=Volume 14 - 2023 YEAR=2023 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1183277 DOI=10.3389/fpls.2023.1183277 ISSN=1664-462X ABSTRACT=

Weeds pose a persistent threat to farmers’ yields, but conventional methods for controlling weed populations, like herbicide spraying, pose a risk to the surrounding ecosystems. Precision spraying aims to reduce harms to the surrounding environment by targeting only the weeds rather than spraying the entire field with herbicide. Such an approach requires weeds to first be detected. With the advent of convolutional neural networks, there has been significant research trialing such technologies on datasets of weeds and crops. However, the evaluation of the performance of these approaches has often been limited to the standard machine learning metrics. This paper aims to assess the feasibility of precision spraying via a comprehensive evaluation of weed detection and spraying accuracy using two separate datasets, different image resolutions, and several state-of-the-art object detection algorithms. A simplified model of precision spraying is proposed to compare the performance of different detection algorithms while varying the precision of the spray nozzles. The key performance indicators in precision spraying that this study focuses on are a high weed hit rate and a reduction in herbicide usage. This paper introduces two metrics, namely, weed coverage rate and area sprayed, to capture these aspects of the real-world performance of precision spraying and demonstrates their utility through experimental results. Using these metrics to calculate the spraying performance, it was found that 93% of weeds could be sprayed by spraying just 30% of the area using state-of-the-art vision methods to identify weeds.