AUTHOR=Dhawi Faten , Ghafoor Abdul , Almousa Norah , Ali Sakinah , Alqanbar Sara TITLE=Predictive modelling employing machine learning, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and smartphone RGB images for non-destructive biomass estimation of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) JOURNAL=Frontiers in Plant Science VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025 YEAR=2025 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2025.1594728 DOI=10.3389/fpls.2025.1594728 ISSN=1664-462X