AUTHOR=Ma Pengwei , Lian Nan , Dong Leilei , Luo Yunchen , Sun Zheng , Zhu Yuanjiao , Chen Zefang , Zhou Jie 

TITLE=CNATNet: a convolution-attention hybrid network for safflower classification

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Plant Science

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2025.1639269

DOI=10.3389/fpls.2025.1639269

ISSN=1664-462X

ABSTRACT=Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an important medicinal and economic crop, where efficient and accurate filament grading is essential for quality control in agricultural and pharmaceutical applications. However, current methods rely on manual inspection, which is time-consuming and difficult to scale. A coarse-to-fine grading framework is established, consisting of cluster-level classification for rapid assessment and filament-level fine-grained classification. To implement this framework, a lightweight hybrid network, CNATNet, is designed by integrating convolutional operations and attention mechanisms. The classical C2f feature extraction module is optimized into two components: C2S2, a lightweight convolutional variant with cascaded split connections, and AnC2f, an n-order local attention mechanism. A depthwise separable convolution-based head (DWClassify) is further employed to accelerate inference while maintaining accuracy. Experiments on a high-resolution safflower filament dataset indicate that CNATNet achieves 98.6% accuracy at the cluster level and 95.6% at the filament level, with an average latency of 1.9 ms per image. Compared with representative baselines such as YOLOv11m and RT-DETRv2s, CNATNet consistently yields higher accuracy with reduced latency. Moreover, deployment on the Jetson Orin Nano demonstrates real-time performance at 63 FPS under 15 W, confirming its feasibility for embedded agricultural grading in resource-constrained environments. These results suggest that CNATNet provides a task-specific lightweight solution balancing accuracy and efficiency, with strong potential for practical safflower quality classification.