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        <title>Frontiers in Plant Science | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Plant Science | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
        <generator>Frontiers Feed Generator,version:1</generator>
        <pubDate>2026-05-13T08:58:16.702+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1806543</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1806543</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Long-term effects of thinning intensity on individual growth and stand basal area recovery in a mixed broadleaf-Korean pine forest]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yue Sun</author><author>Fushan Cheng</author><author>Luping Jiang</author><author>Ye Luo</author><author>Zhongqi Xu</author><author>Huaijiang He</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionSelective thinning is a widely applied silvicultural practice aimed at reducing competition and accelerating the growth of target trees. However, excessive tree removal can lead to a significant short-term decline in stand-level productivity and delay structural recovery. Therefore, understanding the trade-offs between individual tree release and stand basal area recovery is crucial for sustainable forest management.MethodsUsing 11 years of repeated inventory data from a mixed broadleaf–Korean pine forest in northeastern China, we examined tree growth and stand recovery under four thinning intensities (0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%). Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering were used to classify 19 tree species into three functional groups.ResultsThe results showed that thinning effects were time dependent. A growth lag phase was observed in the first post-thinning period (2011–2013), followed by a stronger growth response in later study periods, when the high-intensity treatment (60%) showed nearly double the individual growth rate of the control. However, species responses were asymmetric; shade-tolerant climax species (Cluster 3) exhibited the strongest competitive release, whereas pioneer species (Cluster 1) showed minimal sensitivity possibly because of species strategy and tree size. At the stand level, low-intensity thinning (20%) showed a compensatory growth trend, and the fitted linear trend suggested that stand basal area may approach or exceed the control level within about 16 years. In contrast, the high-intensity treatment showed a much slower projected recovery trajectory. The linear mixed-effects model showed that tree growth was mainly related to tree size and spatial structure. Variance decomposition indicated that individual-tree variables contributed the largest share of the explained variance (59.5%).DiscussionUnder the conditions of this study, the 20% treatment plot showed the most balanced outcome between stand basal area recovery and individual tree growth during the observed period. These results support the use of structure-based silviculture in mixed broadleaf–Korean pine forests, especially by improving growing space for desirable Cluster 3 individuals while maintaining stand heterogeneity.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1827899</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1827899</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Impact of split application of potassium fertilizer on yield, quality, and economic benefits of winter wheat]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shengyan Pang</author><author>Muhammad Fraz Ali</author><author>Xin Wang</author><author>Yongbing Wang</author><author>Xiaotian Ren</author><author>Tahir Shah</author><author>Xiang Lin</author><author>Dong Wang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundPotassium (K) is essential for winter wheat growth, yield formation, and grain quality; however, it is commonly applied as a single basal dose in the Huang-Huai-Hai region despite large spatial variability in soil K availability, leading to inefficient utilization.AimsThis study aimed to evaluate K application strategies across contrasting regions and identify an optimal, site-specific K management approach.MethodsField experiments were conducted during 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 at three sites with contrasting soil K levels. A two-factor randomized block design with three replicates was used, including two K rates (K1: 120 and K2: 60kg K2O ha-1) and five application methods: no K (T1), single basal (T2), two-split (T3: 50% basal + 50% jointing), three-split (T4: 20% basal + 30% jointing + 50% anthesis), and single controlled-release basal (T5). The strong-gluten winter wheat cultivar ‘Weilong 169’ was used.ResultsBasal and controlled-release treatments (T2 and T5) increased the available K in the 0–60-cm soil layer during early growth, while split application (T3 and T4) improved the K availability in the surface layer (0–30 cm) during later stages. The three-split application (T4) consistently improved K accumulation, 1, 000-grain weight, and grain yield across all sites. In high-K soils, single basal application showed no significant yield advantage, underscoring the importance of application timing. Split K application, particularly T4, also improved the grain quality traits, including protein content, wet gluten content, sedimentation value, and dough rheological properties. These improvements were associated with enhanced post-anthesis K uptake and KUE.ConclusionOptimizing K application timing through split fertilization improves K utilization, yield, and grain quality. A site-specific strategy is recommended: 120kg K2O ha-1 applied in a 2:3:5 ratio (sowing/jointing/anthesis) for K-deficient eastern regions and K2O ha-1 with the same split ratio for high-K western regions. This approach provides a sustainable and efficient fertilization strategy for winter wheat production in the Huang-Huai-Hai region.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1829321</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1829321</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Trends in stomatal density and size in maize hybrids representing 100 years of long-term breeding for yield]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Memiş Bilgici</author><author>Elnaz Ebrahimi</author><author>Leticia Prada de Miranda</author><author>Sara Lira</author><author>Lucas Borras</author><author>Thomas Young</author><author>Recep Yavuz</author><author>Kenneth J. Moore</author><author>Philip Dixon</author><author>Thomas Lübberstedt</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Maize hybrid breeding started over 100 years ago and has increased yield and vigor through improved genetics in conjunction with increased fertilizer and pesticide use, higher planting density, and agricultural mechanization. Stomata are expected to change in response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and average temperature anomalies (°C). Yet, the impact of long-term maize breeding over the past century on stomatal traits and their responses to climate factors remains poorly understood. We evaluated stomatal traits at the seedling stage in 27 Pioneer maize hybrids released from 1920 to 2022, grown under controlled conditions. Modern hybrids (2013-2022) had a smaller total stomatal pore area (9.17 × 108 µm² leaf−¹ vs. 9.94 × 108 µm² leaf−¹; p < 0.05), higher stomatal density (47.2 vs. 44.5 stomata mm−²), and smaller leaf area (17.9 vs. 20.5 cm²) than historical hybrids (1920-2011). Stomatal size (μm²), length (μm), and width (μm) did not differ significantly between the two groups. Across all hybrids, stomatal density was negatively correlated with stomatal size, length, width, and leaf area (r = -0.54 to -0.62). Total stomatal pore area declined in the hybrid’s year of release (r = -0.56, p < 0.05), whereas stomatal density increased over time (r = 0.51, p < 0.05). Stomatal traits were associated with release year and with release-year climate proxy variables (CO2 and °C) under a shared contemporary growth environment. We found that stomatal density was positively correlated with atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature anomaly °C, whereas total stomatal pore area was negatively correlated with both variables. Our results indicate that modern maize hybrids differ from historical hybrids in stomatal density (increased), and total stomatal pore area (decreased), consistent with long-term breeding progress of inadvertent selection under changing production environments.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1827737</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1827737</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Optimization of callus culture for enhanced rutaecarpine and evodiamine accumulation in Tetradium daniellii]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ji Won Kim</author><author>Chae-Bin Lee</author><author>Sun-Cheon Hong</author><author>Sung-Joon Na</author><author>Ji-Min Park</author><author>Kyu-Suk Kang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Tetradium daniellii (Benn.) T.G. Hartley, native to Korea and China, is valued as a melliferous tree traditionally used as a medicinal plant. The species contains alkaloids such as evodiamine and rutaecarpine, with evodiamine exhibiting anticancer activity and rutaecarpine showing anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-obesity bioactivities. However, these compounds are mainly extracted from fruits, and their content varies depending on harvest time and region, while repeated harvesting may lead to resource depletion. Therefore, this study aimed to identify optimal conditions for enhancing production of these alkaloids and to compare their levels across tissues and culture conditions to assess feasibility of tissue culture-based production systems. After 8 weeks of in vitro growth from sterilized seeds, leaves and petioles of plantlets were cultured on MS, WPM, DKW, and SH media. The cultures were incubated under two conditions: either a light (16 h light/8 h dark) condition or continuous dark conditions (24 h dark) to induce callus formation. The induced callus, immature fruits, and plantlets were analyzed using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Callus induction reached 100% in WPM medium for both leaf and petiole tissues regardless of light conditions. Petiole tissues also exhibited high induction rates under light condition on MS medium, while DKW medium showed high re-differentiation rates exceeding 70%. In contrast, SH medium showed low induction rates or limited callus proliferation. Quantitative analysis revealed that rutaecarpine content was highest in callus cultured on MS medium, reaching 140.83 mg·kg-1, approximately 217 times higher than in vitro-grown leaves and 5.7 times higher than immature fruit. Evodiamine was also most abundant under the same conditions, reaching 6.45 mg·kg-1, representing a 72-fold increase compared with leaf tissues and a 1.2-fold increase relative to immature fruit. These results demonstrate that callus cultures showed higher accumulation of both alkaloids than conventional tissues and fruits. Leaf-derived callus cultured on MS medium under light conditions was the most effective treatment for enhancing alkaloid accumulation. These findings provide a useful basis for understanding the factors influencing alkaloid accumulation in callus cultures and offer insights for the development of in vitro systems, contributing to the sustainable utilization of plant resources.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1822081</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1822081</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Lightweight architecture optimization of YOLOv12n for improved cotton verticillium wilt detection]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zhuang Ye</author><author>Mi Yang</author><author>Ze Zhang</author><author>Zhenan Hou</author><author>Xinbo Zhao</author>
        <description><![CDATA[To address the significant morphological variability of cotton Verticillium wilt lesions and the complex background interference present in field environments, existing detection models often struggle to achieve an effective balance between detection accuracy and model complexity. In this study, a precise and lightweight detection model, YOLO-SCOD, is proposed based on the YOLOv12n framework to enhance lesion recognition performance. During the feature extraction stage, YOLO-SCOD adopts the StarNet architecture as the backbone network. Its efficient feature mapping mechanism enhances the ability to interact with multi-scale features, thereby optimizing the model’s capacity to represent multi-scale lesion information. Meanwhile, a channel aggregation block is integrated into the C3k module of the neck network. Through adaptive channel reallocation and enhancement of key lesion features, the perception capability of the C3k2 and A2C2f modules for discriminative lesion features is improved. In the detection head, depthwise convolution is replaced with omni-dimensional dynamic convolution, which dynamically and adaptively adjusts convolutional weights through multi-dimensional attention collaboration, further improving the model’s localization accuracy and recognition capability. Experimental results demonstrate that the YOLO-SCOD model achieves improved performance improvements in the task of cotton Verticillium wilt detection. Compared with YOLOv12n, its precision and recall increase to 0.960 and 0.911, respectively, while mAP50–95 improves by 6.436%. In addition, the number of model parameters, FLOPs, and model size are reduced by 13.728%, 20.635%, and 12.727%, respectively, and inference speed increased by 4.167%. While maintaining high detection accuracy, YOLO-SCOD exhibits favorable lightweight characteristics, providing a viable solution for efficient automatic identification and intelligent detection of cotton Verticillium wilt.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1815995</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1815995</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Mechanisms behind idr1–1 mutation conferring osmotic-stress tolerance to rice seedlings as revealed by stage-based transcriptomes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Tiange Hu</author><author>Yi Zhou</author><author>Yan Liu</author><author>Yifei Sun</author><author>Rongdi Yang</author><author>Fei Chen</author><author>Xianwen Zhang</author><author>Waseem Hussain</author><author>Mohamed Abdel-Gawad Emam</author><author>Zhaoyu Zhai</author><author>Shaoxia Zhou</author><author>Honggui La</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Osmotic stress, which is mainly caused by water deficiency, is one of the major environmental factors limiting rice productivity. Osmotic stress influences many aspects of plant growth and development, especially flowering. The α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein complex, IDR1 (also known as RGA1), has been reported to be involved in multiple abiotic-stress responses, while its role in coping with osmotic stress remains unclear. Here, we performed stress stage-based transcriptomic analyses of rice leaves from idr1–1 mutant and wild-type IAPAR9 seedlings that underwent early or middle stage of osmotic stress induced by 20% PEG solution, in order to ascertain the differences in transcriptomes between idr1–1 mutant and IAPAR9 seedlings following early- or middle-stage osmotic stress. Our results showed that 2881 upregulated and 2191 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in idr1–1 mutant seedlings relative to wild-type IAPAR9 seedlings under early-stage osmotic stress. Similarly, 2824 upregulated and 2153 downregulated DEGs were also detected in idr1–1 mutant seedlings relative to IAPAR9 seedlings under middle-stage osmotic stress. Overlap analyses revealed that 44 and 325 DEGs were found in idr1–1 mutant seedlings under early and middle stages of osmotic stress, respectively, which were co-regulated by both idr1–1 mutation and osmotic stress. Gene Ontology (GO) analyses of these DEGs demonstrated that in idr1–1 mutant seedlings, GO terms were mainly associated with quick responses to stress (including responses to phytohormones, scavenging of ROS and stomatal movement) following early-stage osmotic stress, while those were associated with operation of photosynthetic systems (including assembly and repair of photosystem complexes, chlorophyll catabolism, and thylakoid) following middle-stage osmotic stress. Interaction assays indicated that IDR1 was able to interact with 5 proteins, OsFLU1, OsHHO3, OsRLIN1, NADPH HC and OsS40-14, with their gene expression being also regulated by idr1–1 mutation. Altogether, our results suggest that idr1–1 mutation contributes to enhanced tolerance to osmotic stress by altering responsiveness to different physiological processes, like responses to water deficit, salt and heat stresses, phytohormone signaling, ROS scavenging, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and maintenance and repair of photosynthetic systems, which may play essential roles in enabling idr1–1 mutant seedlings to survive persistent osmotic stress.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1809773</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1809773</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Mechanisms underlying patchy distribution pattern and spread of the invasive species Solanum rostratum (Solanaceae) in the Agro-Pastoral region of Northern China]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Qian-Mei Wu</author><author>Rui Wang</author><author>Li-Fen Hao</author><author>Cheng-Dong Xu</author><author>Hui Wang</author><author>Ke-Jian Lin</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionUnderstanding the mechanisms driving patchy distribution patterns is crucial for managing invasive species. This study investigates the multi-vector dispersal dynamics underlying the patchy spread of Solanum rostratum in the Agro-Pastoral Region of Northern China.MethodsWe integrated spatial analysis of historical and field‑collected occurrence data, mechanistic simulations, and field experiments to quantify dispersal by wind, vehicles, and animals. A Gamma Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) was used to attribute variation in empirically derived minimum arrival speeds to different vectors and their interactions.ResultsWe identified 103 spatially clustered patches with strong directional alignment to roads but not rivers. Wind‑mediated dispersal was limited (<0.12 km/year), whereas vehicle‑ and animal‑mediated epizoochory showed higher potential (0.08–0.58 and 0.44–0.56 km/year, respectively). Statistical models attributed 64.3% of the variance in spread speed to these three vectors, with vehicle dispersal being the most influential single factor. Synergistic interactions among vectors significantly enhanced local, within‑patch spread. However, observed long‑distance, inter‑patch dispersal speeds (up to 1,746 km/year) vastly exceeded the capacity of any natural vector or their synergy, implicating human‑mediated transport of contaminated materials as the primary driver of regional colonization.DiscussionThese findings demonstrate that patchy invasions can arise from distinct mechanisms operating at different scales: local synergistic dispersal among natural and anthropogenic vectors, and long‑distance jump dispersal via human activities. Effective management therefore requires dual strategies targeting local vector synergy and regional pathways of human‑assisted spread.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1828668</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1828668</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles analysis reveals a potential gene−metabolite network associated with anthocyanin−mediated color variation in maize kernels]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Junhao Ran</author><author>Ruirui Hu</author><author>Xuanyu Liu</author><author>Ziyi Fu</author><author>Zhiqiang He</author><author>Guangtong Xing</author><author>Yi He</author><author>Dongpu Ji</author><author>Chaofeng Li</author><author>Xiupeng Mei</author><author>Lian Zhou</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Anthocyanins are important flavonoid pigments responsible for coloration in maize kernels and are associated with nutritional and health-promoting properties. This study integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses to investigate the biochemical and genetic basis of kernel pigmentation in three maize inbred lines with distinct kernel colors: yellow (Yellow−K), red (Red−K), and purple (Purple−K). Phenotypic and biochemical analyses revealed that anthocyanins accumulated exclusively in the pericarp of Red−K and in both pericarp and aleurone layers of Purple−K, with total anthocyanin content highest in Purple−K. Metabolomic profiling identified 1,845 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) common across all comparisons, with flavonoids and anthocyanins significantly more abundant in colored kernels. Genotype-specific divergence in anthocyanin biosynthetic flux and decorative modifications showed that Purple−K specialized in malonylation and sambubiosylation, with massive accumulation of Pg3DiMalG; Red−K specialized in rutinosylation and 5−O−glycosylation. Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 22 structural genes, including PALs, FHT1, PR1, A1, A2, BZ1, BZ2, were coordinately upregulated in Purple−K and Red−K, showing expression patterns highly correlated with metabolite levels. Integrated omics analysis further identified 101 transcriptional regulators, including 4 MYB and 10 bHLH transcription factors (e.g., R1, PL1) with expression correlated with anthocyanin accumulation. Downregulation of JAZ repressors in pigmented kernels, along with upregulation of R1 and other bHLH factors, were observed. Together, these findings suggest that the differential accumulation of specific anthocyanin metabolites, coordinated upregulation of structural genes, and involvement of key transcription factors collectively associated with kernel color variation. This study provides insights into the potential molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin-based pigmentation in maize and provides a useful resource for breeding programs aiming to improve nutritional quality and visual traits in maize germplasm.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1813482</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1813482</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Genomic insights into population structure and conservation of wild olive (Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata) in Oman’s Dhofar and Hajar Mountains]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Thuraiya Al Jabri</author><author>Boshra Ahmed Halo</author><author>Alastair Culham</author><author>Richard Ellis</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundWild olive (Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata), one of the six subspecies of the olive complex worldwide, is an ecologically and economically important tree in the mountains of Oman. It is vulnerable to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Information on its genetic diversity is needed to support the conservation of wild olive in Oman.ResultsA dual-genomic approach was employed, utilizing nuclear SNPs derived from Angiosperms353 target enrichment and plastid SNPs (cpSNPs) recovered from off-target reads. These markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 48 wild olive accessions from the Dhofar, Eastern Hajar, and Western Hajar mountains of Oman. STRUCTURE, PCA, and DAPC analyses consistently revealed a clear north–south genetic split, with Dhofar populations forming a distinct and genetically isolated lineage, while populations from the Eastern and Western Hajar Mountains showed evidence of admixture and genetic connectivity. Five plastid haplotypes were identified, further supporting this phylogeographic structure. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that most genetic variation occurred within populations (71.86%) rather than among populations (28.14%; ΦST = 0.2814), while regional divergence between northern and southern populations was higher (ΦRT = 0.528). The overall fixation index (FST = 0.3093) indicated moderate to high genetic differentiation, with the strongest differentiation observed between northern and southern populations.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the genetic uniqueness and isolation of Dhofar populations, which should be considered a conservation priority. The results provide essential guidance for in situ and ex situ conservation strategies, including germplasm preservation and habitat restoration.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1850006</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1850006</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Festuca pratensis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Wenlong Gong</author><author>Chunyu Tian</author><author>Yanting Yang</author><author>Lemeng Liu</author><author>Yumei Feng</author><author>Fengdan Wang</author><author>Zhiyong Li</author><author>Zinian Wu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionFestuca pratensis is a perennial herb of Festuca in Poaceae. It has become an important forage and ecological restoration grass species due to its strong stress resistance and high nutritional value. Limited by the complexity of the forage grasses genome, the number of mitochondrial genome assembly in this genus is limited, which seriously restricts the research process of early mitochondrial genome evolution and key gene mining.MethodsWe assembled and annotated the first high-quality mitochondrial genome of Festuca pratensis using third-generation and second-generation sequencing technology. The genome structure, sequence characteristics, evolutionary selection pressure and genetic relationship of Festuca pratensis mitochondrial genome were analyzed.Results and discussionThe mitochondrial genome has a multichromosomal structure with a total length of 449,613 bp. A total of 51 genes were detected, including 14 core genes, 15 tRNA genes, 19 variable genes and 3 rRNA genes. Three types of repetitive sequences were detected, including 121 simple repetitive sequences, 12 tandem repetitive sequences and 112 scattered repetitive sequences. A total of 9,810 codons encoding 33 PCGs were detected, and the probability of codon preference and avoidance was 50% and 47%, respectively. A total of 454 effective RNA editing sites were detected, distributed on 30 PCGs with all base change types C-U. 84 inter-genome transfer fragments were identified, and four complete transfer DNA fragments were rps12, trnS-UGA, trnM-CAU and trnN-GUU, respectively. The rps3 gene showed positive selection (Ka/Ks > 1) in 36 (90%) of 40 species, indicating that it may be a functional gene adapted to rapid evolution. The Pi values of 33 genes ranged from 0 to 0.16277. Phylogenetic analysis divided 43 species into 6 categories. Combined with the results of collinearity, it was found that Festuca pratensis had the closest genetic relationship with Lolium perenne. In this study, the first high-quality mitochondrial genome of Festuca pratensis was assembled, which provided key high-quality reference data for subsequent organelle genome evolution, stress-resistant functional gene mining and germplasm resource identification of related species.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1836813</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1836813</link>
        <title><![CDATA[High-throughput phenotypic analysis of plant and curd growth dynamics during the whole growth period of cauliflower based on instance segmentation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Saichuan Cheng</author><author>Sidi Wu</author><author>Qingqing Shao</author><author>Mindong Chen</author><author>Jianting Liu</author><author>Boyin Qiu</author><author>Haisheng Zhu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Efficient phenotyping monitoring of cauliflower is crucial for its breeding and production. However, traditional manual measurement methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and existing deep learning (DL) methods mostly focus on the seedling stage, lacking systematic research covering the entire growth period. In this study, RGB images of cauliflower from seedling to harvest were collected. Through systematic screening and evaluation of instance segmentation models, accurate segmentation of plants and curds was achieved, and plant canopy width, leaf area, and curd traits were automatically extracted to track their dynamic changes. Evaluation results showed that YOLO12s-seg was the optimal model. It can achieved a segmentation mask mAP50 of 99.4% for plants and curds in sparsely planted images and showed an advantage in identifying partially occluded early curds beneath inner leaves. Traits such as plant canopy width and curd diameter automatically extracted from segmentation results were highly consistent with manual measurements (R2 > 0.90). Furthermore, the Richards model and Sine model were used to accurately fit the growth dynamics of leaf area and curd area, respectively. Based on growth kinetics, curds were classified into three types: mature and compact type, peak-burst type, and steady-increase type. Cluster analysis of 47 germplasms based on high-throughput phenotyping data revealed four groups and their growth characteristics: comprehensively coordinated type, mid-maturity compact type, large high-yield type, and curd-dominant type. Integrating the above functions, a platform for cauliflower growth monitoring and phenotypic analysis was developed. It provided full-process support from automatic image processing to growth dynamic analysis. This work provides an effective automated solution for high-throughput phenotyping analysis and growth dynamic monitoring of cauliflower, and offers a referable analytical framework for crop growth pattern research and intelligent breeding decision-making.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1835288</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1835288</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Potential distribution, range dynamics, and livestock exposure risk of Veratrum nigrum L. in China under climate change]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shuoning Zhang</author><author>Wenjing Xu</author><author>Lingfeng Ma</author><author>Yiwei Shen</author><author>Weitao Yao</author><author>Wenzhuo Zhang</author><author>Alyaa Nasr</author><author>Yang Nan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Climate change may alter the spatial distribution of toxic plants and increase their spatial overlap with grazing livestock, thereby posing risks to grassland ecosystems and animal health. Veratrum nigrum L., a medicinal plant with strong toxicity, is widely distributed in Eurasian temperate regions and frequently causes livestock poisoning. In this study, we predicted the current and future potential distribution of V. nigrum in China and quantified the associated grazing risk. We developed a MaxEnt model optimised with the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm NSGA-III to balance predictive accuracy, model complexity, and generalisation. The model performed well (AUC = 0.898, TSS = 0.687), and elevation, precipitation of the wettest month, and mean temperature of the driest quarter emerged as the dominant environmental drivers. The current suitable habitat of V. nigrum covered 236.17 × 104 km². Under future climate scenarios, the total suitable area is projected to increase by 18-41%, with highly suitable habitat expanding by up to 185% and the distribution centroid shifting south-westward. Spatial risk assessment based on pixel-wise overlap between habitat suitability and livestock density revealed that cattle face the highest exposure risk (83.54 × 104 km²), followed by sheep (80.98 × 104 km²) and goats (68.04 × 104 km²). Risk hotspots were mainly concentrated in central China and the Sichuan Basin. These findings provide a spatially explicit basis for evaluating toxic-plant risk and informing adaptive grazing management under climate change.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1752821</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1752821</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Integrated analysis of endophytic fungal communities and metabolites reveals root rot-induced disruptions in Monochasma savatieri]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yuyin Zhang</author><author>Hua Dou</author><author>Chenlu Fan</author><author>Xuyu Chen</author><author>Jianhe Wei</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionMonochasma savatieri is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb valued for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Due to the depletion of wild resources, artificial cultivation of this species has expanded rapidly in recent years. However, the emergence of root rot has become a significant threat, potentially altering the plant’s endophytic microbiota and chemical composition. Understanding these microbial and metabolic changes is critical for improving disease management and maintaining medicinal quality.MethodsHigh-throughput sequencing (HTS) was employed to characterize the endophytic fungal communities in both healthy and root rot-infected M. savatieri plants. In parallel, non-targeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was conducted to profile and compare the aqueous extracts of the two groups, aiming to assess metabolic alterations induced by root rot.ResultsHTS revealed that root rot significantly reduced the diversity and evenness of endophytic fungal communities, accompanied by distinct shifts in specific taxa, including Saitozyma and Paraphoma. Diseased plants exhibited higher fungal abundance but lower community stability. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated a clear separation between healthy and diseased samples, with 554 metabolites upregulated and 669 downregulated in diseased plants. These differentially accumulated metabolites were primarily involved in amino acid, lipid, and secondary metabolism, Pathway enrichment analysis further highlighting disruptions in tryptophan metabolism, ether lipid, and glycerophospholipid metabolism.ConclusionRoot rot substantially alters both the endophytic microbial structure and the metabolic landscape of M. savatieri, potentially compromising disease resistance and affecting the medicinal quality of the herb. The enrichment of specific amino acids and flavonoid metabolites in healthy plants suggests their possible involvement in plant defense mechanisms. Collectively, these findings provide a valuable foundation for future research on biological control strategies, metabolic regulation, and the establishment of quality standards for this medicinal species.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1727579</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1727579</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A multi-model genotype × environment interaction analysis discerning phenotypic plasticity of the strong culm trait in rice]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Akshay Mamidi</author><author>Krishna Lavuri</author><author>Jyothi Badri</author><author>S. V. Sai Prasad</author><author>Raman Menakshi Sundaram</author>
        <description><![CDATA[A strong culm is a key trait for reducing lodging in rice, arising from the intricate coaction of morphological and environmental factors. As both grain yield (GY) and culm strength (CS) are complex traits, modeling genotype × environment interaction (G × E) and quantifying genotypic stability are essential for recommending genotypes in multi-environment trials (METs). We evaluated a selected set of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from indica cv. Swarna and tropical japonica acc. IRGC 39111, along with checks across transplanted and direct-seeded environments, employing a multi-model approach to dissect mean performance and stability (MPS) for CS and GY traits. Phenotypic plasticity and stability were assessed using parametric and multivariate approaches, emphasizing AMMI, GGE, BLUPs, and the multi-trait stability index (MTSI). We further computed the weighted average of absolute scores (WAASB) to summarize G × E effects and WAASBY to integrate MPS. Selection was guided by genotype–ideotype distance via MTSI, and a genotype selection index (GSI) was used to synthesize yield and stability rankings. Breaking resistance (BR) was used as the primary proxy for CS. Significant G × E effects were detected for all traits. WAASB and WAASBY effectively captured stability and MPS, enabling the discrimination of broadly adapted and high-performing RILs. Multi-trait selection via MTSI improved selection efficiency relative to single-trait criteria and was consistent with AMMI-, GGE-, and BLUP-based inferences. The GSI identified RIL 315 (G16) as superior for GY and RIL 421 (G3) for BR. Consistently across AMMI, GGE, and MTSI, RIL 417 (G1), RIL 419 (G2), RIL 314 (G15), and tropical japonica acc. IRGC 10658 exhibited stable and high GY coupled with a strong culm across environments. A multi-model, multi-trait strategy robustly identified strong-culm, high-yielding RILs across variable environments. The convergence of WAASB/WAASBY, MTSI, and GSI supports the confident advancement of candidate lines and broadens the phenotyping framework and germplasm base for lodging resistance in future breeding programs.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1811600</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1811600</link>
        <title><![CDATA[PpMYB4-mediated regulation of wax accumulation and abiotic stress responses in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yifeng Jin</author><author>Xue You</author><author>Xiaoxue Liang</author><author>Yuwen Wang</author><author>Qi Zhen</author><author>Xinyu Liu</author><author>Yang Chen</author><author>Miao He</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Drought is a primary factor constraining the growth and development of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying drought and saline–alkali stress responses, the cultivar ‘K.B.G’ was used as the experimental material. An R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene, PpMYB4, and its promoter were cloned and functionally characterized. Subcellular localization analysis, confirmed by DAPI co-staining, demonstrated that PpMYB4 is targeted to the nucleus, consistent with its role as a transcription factor. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the closest relationships with MYB4 homologs from Brachypodium distachyon, Lolium rigidum, and wheat (Triticum aestivum). RT-qPCR showed that PpMYB4 is preferentially expressed in stems and is transcriptionally responsive to drought, saline-alkali stress, and multiple phytohormones (SA, IAA, MeJA induced; ABA, GA repressed). Overexpression of PpMYB4 in Kentucky bluegrass, confirmed by PCR-based transgene detection and qRT-PCR, promoted vegetative growth, enhanced rooting, and increased epicuticular wax deposition on leaf surfaces. Under drought stress, overexpression lines maintained higher relative water content, lower electrolyte leakage, and elevated SOD and POD activities compared with wild-type plants. Promoter deletion analysis identified an upstream region critical for transcriptional activity and demonstrated drought-inducible promoter function. These findings establish PpMYB4 as a multifunctional regulator of wax accumulation and antioxidant defense in Kentucky bluegrass, providing a candidate gene for molecular breeding of drought-resilient turfgrass.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1793924</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1793924</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Genetic enhancement of root, tuber and cereal crops via pangenomics, multi-omics integration and AI-driven prediction]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Simbo Diakite</author><author>Prince E. Norman</author><author>Lansana Kamara</author><author>Necla Pehlivan</author><author>Meisan Zargar</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Breeding root, tuber, and cereal crops faces the critical challenge of unlocking extensive genetic variation and addressing complex gene-environment interplays to boost yield, quality, and resilience. Recent technological advances in pangenomics, multi-omics data integration, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven predictive modeling offer unparalleled opportunities to transform crop improvement. Pangenomics transcends the limitations of single reference genomes by encompassing the full genomic diversity within species, capturing critical structural variations and rare alleles that underpin stress tolerance and productivity traits. When layered with multi-omics datasets spanning genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, a holistic insight is gained into molecular networks governing plant adaptation and development. State-of-the-art AI methodologies harness these complex datasets, enabling precise genomic selection, accurate trait prediction, and discovery of novel candidate genes, thereby optimizing breeding pipelines. This review presents current knowledge on how this synergistic approach heralds a new era of climate-smart agriculture, empowering resilient, high-performing cultivars essential for global food security amid escalating environmental uncertainties with a particular focus on root, tuber and cereal crop genetic enhancement through pangenomics and multi-omics integration and AI-driven predictive modeling. Together, these innovations enable tailored breeding strategies that align genetic potential with environmental specificity and farmer needs, while highlighting the remaining hurdles-data standards, model interpretability, computational cost, and equitable access-that must be addressed to realize widespread impact. Demonstrated in staple crops such as maize, rice, wheat, potato, and cassava, this integrated framework accelerates genetic gain by reducing breeding cycles and facilitating allele introgression from wild relatives. The integrative approach also provides a better understanding of resolving persistent hurdles around data standardization, interpretability, computational demands, and equitable technology access. We recommend, (i) training on diverse, field-collected datasets; (ii) integrating envirotyping covariates into genomic selection to quantify G×E interactions; (iii) adopting standardized metadata schemas; and (iv) fostering interdisciplinary collaboration.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1811607</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1811607</link>
        <title><![CDATA[WGCNA reveals dose-dependent responses and molecular regulatory networks of strigolactone-mediated drought mitigation in Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Meng Meng</author><author>Huiyu Zhang</author><author>Yang Cao</author><author>Jiuxuan Zhang</author><author>Yiying Liu</author><author>Yawen Qi</author><author>Jiaxin Liang</author><author>Xiaoting Zhai</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus) is an economically vital medicinal plant whose productivity is severely hindered by drought. This study investigated the concentration-dependent effects of strigolactone (SL; 0.1, 1, and 10 μmol·L-1) on drought-stressed seedlings through integrated physiological and transcriptomic analyses. Results showed that drought induced oxidative damage and inhibited photosynthesis, while SL exhibited distinct concentration-dependent associations with stress mitigation. The 0.1 μmol·L-1 concentration yielded weak effects due to insufficient signal intensity, whereas the high concentration of 10 μmol·L-1 strengthened osmotic protection associated with the Purple module but coincided with restricted rapid regeneration, paralleling a suppression of soluble protein content and ribosome biogenesis. In contrast, 1 μmol·L-1 SL was identified as the appropriate concentration correlating with significantly restored biomass and photosynthetic efficiency. At the molecular level, this recovery is highly associated with the coordinated induction of the Turquoise and Brown modules, which are characterized by the transcriptomic reconstruction of the protein translation machinery and the restoration of hormone signaling. This molecular shift aligns with a hub transcription factor cascade involving 15 hub transcription factors (notably from the WRKY, NAC, and bZIP families) that correlates with the up-regulation of “Ribosome biogenesis” and “Protein processing” pathways, as well as specific downstream functional genes. This coordinated network correlates with a transition toward a functional repair and growth state, although the observed up-regulation of ribosomal genes could also emerge as a secondary consequence of the plant’s overall improved physiological vigor rather than the primary driver. These findings provide a theoretical framework for the high-quality cultivation of Astragalus in arid environments.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1829367</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1829367</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Dissolved oxygen limitation and Pythium root rot in strawberry NFT systems: mechanisms, research gaps, and prospects for substrate-free production]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Shalyne Scott</author><author>Camilo Villouta</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) production faces growing pressure to reduce reliance on peat and coconut coir substrates, driven by documented life cycle liabilities including carbon losses from peat extraction and embodied transport emissions from coir. Nutrient film technique (NFT), a substrate-free recirculating hydroponic system, eliminates growing media entirely and reduces material inputs across successive crop cycles, making it an environmentally attractive candidate for controlled environment strawberry production. Despite early commercial adoption in Europe during the 1970s, NFT was largely abandoned for strawberry production by the 1980s following systematic failures whose physiological basis remains incompletely characterized. This review synthesizes evidence from hydroponic systems engineering, plant physiology, and oomycete pathology to examine the two structural constraints underlying NFT’s historical rejection: dissolved oxygen depletion dynamics within recirculating nutrient solution, and exceptional susceptibility to Pythium spp. root rot. We demonstrate that these constraints are coupled rather than independent, sharing a common pathway through root-zone oxygen status. Progressive root mat development over a six-month fruiting cycle degrades passive film aeration and creates hypoxic conditions that impair root membrane integrity, alter rhizosphere exudate profiles, and facilitate Pythium zoospore encystment and necrotrophic transition. This interaction is compounded by strawberry’s exceptional oxygen sensitivity and absence of adaptive aerenchyma formation, rendering thresholds established for tomato and cucumber inapplicable to this species. We identify two prerequisite research gaps that must be resolved before NFT can be rationally reconsidered for commercial strawberry production: characterization of root mat effects on channel hydraulic performance, and establishment of a strawberry-specific dissolved oxygen threshold under NFT-relevant conditions.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1818796</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1818796</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Fungal foe: exploring cotton’s physiological responses to Verticillium wilt]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Xian Yu</author><author>Warwick N. Stiller</author><author>Warren C. Conaty</author><author>Lucy M. Egan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is a globally important cash crop that supports the textile industry and provides valuable by-products such as edible oil and livestock feed. However, cotton productivity and fiber quality are increasingly constrained by Verticillium wilt (VW), a vascular disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae Kleb. This pathogen can persist in soil for long periods and cause substantial yield and economic losses in cotton worldwide. This review brings together current knowledge of cotton’s physiological responses to VW infection, focusing on how the disease disrupts plant water relations, photosynthesis, nutrient balance, and vascular function. Environmental factors including soil type, temperature, moisture, pH, inoculum density, and nutrient availability, are examined to assess their influence on disease development and severity. The review also explores advances in management strategies such as crop rotation, irrigation, biocontrol, precision agriculture, molecular diagnostics, and breeding for host plant resistance. It emphasizes how insights into cotton’s physiological responses can inform disease management, supporting earlier stress detection and more precise intervention strategies. Furthermore, incorporating physiological monitoring into breeding programs, alongside genomic selection and high-throughput phenotyping, may enhance functional resistance and yield stability under VW pressure. Understanding the complex interactions among the pathogen, host physiology, and environmental conditions is essential for designing proactive, sustainable strategies to mitigate VW impacts and ensure the long-term productivity of the cotton industry.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1833459</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1833459</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Optimizing nitrogen reduction for improved grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency in two rice genotypes grown in hilly regions of Sichuan]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Peng Ma</author><author>Xiaohong Qin</author><author>Jianli Chai</author><author>Ran Wang</author><author>Lubing Jia</author><author>Xiaotian Jiang</author><author>Guotao Yang</author><author>Yungao Hu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe hilly region of Sichuan is a core rice-producing area in Southwest China.Long-term excessive fertilization has resulted in low nitrogen-use-efficiency and aggravated agricultural non-point source pollution, which seriously restricts the green and high-yield development of rice production.MethodsTo determine the optimal nitrogen reduction rate for nitrogen-efficient rice varieties in this region and to reveal the regulatory effects of nitrogen reduction on rice yield, nitrogen utilization, and physiological metabolism, a two-year field experiment was conducted using two rice cultivars, Byou 3611 and Yixiangyou 2115. Four nitrogen treatments were applied: 180 kg·hm-2 (N3), 150 kg·hm-2 (N2), 120 kg·hm-2 (N1), and 0 kg·hm-2 (N0, control). Yield, dry matter accumulation and translocation, nitrogen-use-efficiency,sugar content, and key enzyme activities involved in sucrose metabolism were systematically measured.ResultsThe results showed that 150 kg·hm-2 nitrogen (N2) was the optimal treatment, with the highest grain yield in both years. The yields of Byou 3611 and Yixiangyou 2115 reached 12101.05 kg·hm-2 and 11941.19 kg·hm-2, respectively, which were significantly higher than those under conventional nitrogen application (N3). Excessive nitrogen failed to increase yield but reduced the seed-setting rate, whereas large reduction in nitrogen supply (N1) significantly decreased the number of effective panicles and grains per panicle. Dry matter accumulation and translocation were the best under N2, with crop growth rates of 13.15 and 12.47 g·(m-2·d)⁻¹ for the two cultivars, respectively. Nitrogen-use-efficiency first increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen applicatiopn rates. Under N2, nitrogen recovery efficiency exceeded 24%, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency of Byou 3611 reached 32.02 kg·kg⁻¹. Soluble sugar and sucrose contents, as well as the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase in grains, were highest under N2. Excessive nitrogen supply inhibited enzyme activity and sugar accumulation in grains. Significant genotypic differences were observed between the two cultivars: Byou 3611 performed better in terms of effective panicles, seed-setting rate, and dry matter translocation than Yixiangyou 2115.DiscussionThis study indicates that Byou 3611 is superior to Yixiangyou 2115 in terms of grain yield and nitrogen-use-efficiency. The application rate of 150 kg·hm-2 nitrogen can simultaneously optimize yield components, dry matter translocation, nitrogen utilization and sugar metabolism. These findings provide a theoretical basis and technical support for nitrogen saving and high-efficiency rice cultivation in the hilly regions of Sichuan.]]></description>
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