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        <title>Frontiers in Plant Science | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Plant Science | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
        <generator>Frontiers Feed Generator,version:1</generator>
        <pubDate>2026-04-12T17:06:15.383+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1750572</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1750572</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Diversification of tobacco phytoene-synthase-encoding genes coordinates carotenoid flux, strigolactone biosynthesis, and cold responses]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xiaoxu Li</author><author>Wei Luo</author><author>Suxing Tuo</author><author>Long Chen</author><author>Jiaruo Huang</author><author>Ye Feng</author><author>Xiangguang Lv</author><author>Jinghao Sun</author><author>Guoyun Xu</author><author>Jun Cai</author><author>Jianfeng Zhang</author><author>Zhiyuan Li</author><author>Bo Kong</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Phytoene synthase plays important roles in the development, metabolism, and various stress tolerance in plants. In the current study, a total of five tobacco phytoene synthase members were identified and systemically analyzed from the latest genome annotation. The newly identified tobacco members were divided into different subgroups together with the reported members. Furthermore, four NtPSY genes were identified to arise from duplication events, which might lead to the expansion of tobacco phytoene synthase members. The expression patterns of the NtPSY genes were revealed by transcriptomic analysis. The results from phylogenetic analysis, synthetic analysis, and expression analysis were integrated to predict the potential functions of these tobacco phytoene synthase members. Particularly, NtPSY1 was found to act as the homolog of SlPSY1, which was significantly induced by cold stress treatment. The further assays revealed that overexpression of NtPSY1 enhanced the carotenoid accumulation and cold stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Furthermore, the transcript levels of NtCCD7, NtCCD8, and NtMAX1 were detected to be increased in the NtPSY1 overexpression lines, suggesting the enhanced carotenoid precursor supply and activation of the strigolactone biosynthetic pathway.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1801139</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1801139</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Aluminum stress responses and beneficial bacterial traits in Medicago legumes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Thomas Ledger</author><author>Alexander Renlund</author><author>Ángela Cantillo-González</author><author>María Josefina Poupin</author><author>Bernardo González</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Legumes of the genus Medicago are agronomically important forage crops that also enhance soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation. Beyond their agricultural value, Medicago species show promise for the ecological restoration of degraded soils, particularly through their symbiotic associations with soil microbial communities (rhizobacteria). However, in acidic soils—common in degraded environments—the presence of toxic metals such as aluminum (Al) poses a major constraint to plant establishment and microbial functioning. However, the specific impacts of Al stress on each symbiotic partner—and on the dynamics of their interaction—remain poorly understood. This review systematizes and describes recent advances in the effects of Al on Medicago legumes, which underlie increased tolerance to metal phytotoxicity, and aims to identify synergistic functions among plant and microbial partners. Al produces morphological and functional changes in Medicago species. Key strategies for metal tolerance involve detoxification mechanisms, such as organic acids production, that effectively mitigate the stress caused by metallic ions. Diverse plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) contribute significantly to each of these strategies, either by the direct production of metal-chelating compounds or by the induction of metal sequestration and/or transport functions in the host. These microorganisms, alone or in combination, display traits that can influence Al mobilization and removal for phytoremediation applications. Mechanisms underlying the effect of PGPR on Medicago gene expression during metal exposure have begun to be elucidated, as has the role of symbiotic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizae. Additional studies employing transcriptomics, metabolomics, and genetic engineering are also necessary to fully understand their impact on common metal stress responses and tolerance mechanisms in the genus Medicago.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1788450</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1788450</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Bacillus velezensis M03 enhances peanut stress resistance and optimizes soil microecology, thereby increasing its resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zongsheng Yuan</author><author>Sifan Wang</author><author>Xun Dong</author><author>Xiaoling Wang</author><author>Fang Liu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionAgainst the background of excessive application of chemical pesticides, which has caused the imbalance of soil microecosystems and the aggravation of pathogen resistance, the control of soil-borne diseases such as peanut bacterial wilt has become a major challenge in agricultural production. The traditional management mode relying on chemical pesticides is not only unsustainable, but also increasingly reveals its limitations.MethodsThis study explores the effects of Bacillus velezensis M03 on enhancing peanut stress resistance and optimizing soil microecology, systematically evaluating its ability to improve peanut resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum.ResultsIt showed that B. velezensis M03 significantly inhibited the occurrence and spread of R. solanacearum, reducing the incidence of bacterial wilt from 50.00% to 16.67% three days after inoculation, with a disease index inhibition rate of 74.99%. B. velezensis M03 significantly increased the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT enzymes in peanut leaves, reduced MDA content, enhanced reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity, and mitigated membrane lipid peroxidation damage. B. velezensis M03 promoted soil nutrient transformation, significantly increasing the contents of nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and available sulfur, enhancing the activities of key soil enzymes such as phosphatase and urease, and optimizing nutrient availability. Microbial community analysis showed that B. velezensis M03 effectively inhibited the proliferation of R. solanacearum, promoted the enrichment of beneficial bacteria such as Streptomyces and Trichoderma, restored the bacterial network structure and modularity, and enhanced the functional stability of the microbial community.DiscussionB. velezensis M03 significantly enhanced the systemic resistance of peanuts to bacterial wilt by synergistically regulating plant physiological resistance, soil nutrient cycling, and microbial community structure, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for the microbial control of soil-borne diseases.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1788655</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1788655</link>
        <title><![CDATA[AF-RT-DETR: Adaptive cross-scale feature interaction for real-time plant disease detection in complex field environments]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ming Liu</author><author>Jiangrong Liu</author><author>Ziqi Mao</author><author>Shuzhe Cheng</author><author>Xinyang Li</author><author>Shiyu Yan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionAccurate plant disease identification is of great importance for ensuring agricultural productivity and food security. However, complex illumination variations, leaf occlusion, and diverse disease spot scales throughout plant growth stages significantly increase the difficulty of real-time detection, leading to limited accuracy and robustness in existing approaches.MethodsTo address these challenges, we propose an improved RT-DETRv2-based plant disease detection model, termed AF-RT-DETR. A Bidirectional Cross Gate (BCG) module is introduced in the feature extraction stage to reduce channel redundancy and enhance discriminative feature representation through multi-level feature interactions. The original RepVGG structure is replaced with a Dynamic Channel Shift (DCS) module, effectively enlarging the receptive field and strengthening contextual feature fusion without additional computational overhead. Additionally, an improved Scale-aware Multi-level Loss (SML) emphasizes low-quality feature maps to improve detector robustness.ResultsThe model achieves mAP50 and mAP50:95 of 93.6% and 67.2% on the Plant-Disease dataset, surpassing the baseline by 5.1% and 4.5%. Furthermore, the model was evaluated on multiple crops and growth stages under diverse field conditions, demonstrating robust performance and adaptability.DiscussionThese results indicate that AF-RT-DETR effectively enables real-time plant disease detection in complex field environments.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1766071</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1766071</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Intercrop-mediated inducibility affects direct defenses and plant resistance but not indirect defenses in maize]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Juan Pablo Jordán</author><author>Anna DiPaola</author><author>Alison G. Power</author><author>Katja Poveda</author><author>André Kessler</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Functional intercropping aims to beneficially associate two or more plant species or varieties, simultaneously increasing plant diversity and the provisioning of ecosystem services. Although the benefits of diversified cropping systems are widespread and well documented, the underlying mechanisms of increased pest resistance and the relative contributions of different modes of plant defense remain unclear. Plant chemistry can mediate resistance to herbivores through toxic or antidigestive modes of action (direct defenses) or by providing host finding cues that recruit natural enemies that predate on herbivore populations (indirect defenses). Both direct and indirect defense can be elevated in response to previous herbivore damage leading to induced resistance. Here we address the question of how intercropping with four companion plants (alfalfa, bean, Desmodium, and red clover) affects the constitutive and induced expression of plant direct/indirect defenses and resulting herbivore resistance. We found that defensive plant secondary metabolite production of focal maize plants varies with both, previous herbivore damage (induction treatment) and the presence of an intercrop species. Intercropping - specifically with Desmodium - alters the expression of plant chemical defenses and increases plant resistance in 1) no-choice bioassays by reducing larval performance and 2) the incidence of damaged leaves at the field-scale experiment. Thereby some intercrop species do not only directly affect maize plant secondary metabolism but also alter how defensive metabolites are expressed in response to herbivory (intercrop-mediated induced responses). In contrast to direct resistance, the expression of indirect resistance did not vary with intercropping or herbivory suggesting that under realistic field conditions, direct defenses are more reliable as pest control mechanisms than chemical information-mediated indirect defenses. However, within-plant spatial separation of predation pressure suggests a role of vegetation structure in the efficiency of biocontrol. We present evidence that ‘intercrop-mediated induced responses’ is an integrated ecological mechanism determining the outcome of associational resistance (or susceptibility) and conclude that intercrop-mediated alterations of constitutive and herbivory-induced secondary metabolite production mediate increased associational resistance in diversified maize systems.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1803212</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1803212</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Influence of flight pattern on the effectiveness of unmanned aerial vehicles application in a mountain Nanguo pear orchard]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shuang Guo</author><author>Jianghui Luo</author><author>Hao Yan</author><author>Weixiang Yao</author><author>Yanhua Meng</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in orchards has been gradually emerging. Due to the complex architecture of tree canopies and the planting environment, choosing a reasonable UAV flight pattern to effectively enhance droplet deposition on critical target areas remains a challenge.MethodsThis study employed Nanguo pear trees as the application target, with an electric multi-rotor UAV, the EA-30X, chosen as the spraying platform. Through comprehensive droplet assessment methodologies, five different flight patterns (intra-row, intra-row-high-speed, intra-row-half-rate, inter-row, verti-row) were analyzed and compared to assess droplet deposition in the tree canopy.ResultsMeasurements revealed that 71.85% of the droplet coverage is in the 0-5% range and the droplet density is in the 0-200 drops·cm-² range. The results also showed that there was no statistically significant difference in droplet deposition between the inner and outer zones of the fruit tree canopy in the horizontal direction among the treatments (p > 0.05).DiscussionThe results indicate that, under the conditions of constant spray volume rate (60 L/ha) and flight height (2.5 m), particularly when natural wind speeds are excessive, using a UAV for two-pass spraying patterns (intra-row-high-speed, intra-row-half-rate) is not recommended. Intra-row, inter-row and verti-row are viable options, but the selection should be made flexibly based on operational requirements. Different flight patterns lead to changes in the droplet deposition distribution trends across vertical layers and between inner and outer zones. This study provides scientific and precise operational guidance and reference for pest and disease control in Nanguo pear orchards.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1791978</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1791978</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A Phytophthora infestans CRN1-derived small RNA is predicted to target the potato immune regulator EDS1]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shailja Singh</author><author>Xinyi Hu</author><author>Christina Dixelius</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans (Pi), causes severe damage to plants in the Solanaceae family. Although knowledge regarding the P. infestans-mediated manipulation of critical components in the plant defense system is growing, many questions remain unanswered. Herein, we aimed to examine the role of Argonaute 1 (AGO1) associated small RNAs in this interaction. Of particular interest was the early communication between the host and the pathogen. To visualize the cellular dynamics underlying potential cross-kingdom RNA trafficking, we first examined the localization and accumulation patterns of plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) using a handful of markers. MVBs were present not only at the plant plasma membrane but also in the germ tube of the invading pathogen. The enrichment of MVBs decreased as the infection process proceeded. At 3.0 days post-inoculation, co-localization between AGO1 from P. infestans and StARA6 was not seen even at the swollen tip of the germ tube. Three Crinkler effector genes encoding small RNAs were found after coimmunoprecipitation, sequencing and extensive bioinformatic analysis. PiCRN1 caused more severe disease compared with PiCRN3, which carries a typical Crinkler (CRN) LFLAK domain. This difference may result from activation of a CRN1-derived siRNA predicted to target the enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1) gene in potato. To examine whether the observed phenotypic effects can be attributed to any EV cargo from the potato host, we set up a procedure to isolate EVs from P. infestans-infected potato leaves. However, the tiny EV yield obtained during the early infection phase prevented us from such analysis. The understanding of effector cell trafficking and small RNA reprogramming of host plant genes remain elusive in this pathosystem.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1804463</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1804463</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Transcriptome analysis reveals DNA repair–related clues associated with divergent leaf nuclear DNA diversity in Leymus chinensis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Haoyang Yu</author><author>Xinxia Wang</author><author>Gaowa Naren</author><author>Riqing Hao</author><author>Huihui Shi</author><author>Shumeng Ma</author><author>Lingang Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Intraorganismal genetic heterogeneity (IGH) arises from the accumulation of somatic mutations during plant growth. Although leaves of Leymus chinensis exhibit pronounced IGH, its molecular basis remains unclear. Under strictly controlled growth conditions, this study compared a wild population (LC-W) with the cultivated cultivar Zhongke No. 2 (LC-ZK2) to search for DNA repair–related clues associated with leaf nuclear DNA diversity. Genomic DNA amplification and Sanger sequencing of three nuclear loci (MCM7, PsaE, and PsaL) showed that, compared with LC-W, LC-ZK2 exhibited fewer polymorphic sites and lower haplotype diversity, indicating a more restricted leaf-scale sequence heterogeneity. De novo leaf transcriptome analysis identified 3,833 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; |log2FC| ≥ 1, FDR < 0.05; log2FC = log2[LC-W/LC-ZK2]). GO and KEGG analyses indicated that DEGs were significantly enriched in DNA damage response and DNA repair pathways, with particularly prominent enrichment of base excision repair (BER) and homologous recombination (HR). The BER scaffold gene XRCC1 plays an important role in these pathways and was significantly upregulated in LC-ZK2 (~2.6-fold), suggesting transcriptional differences in repair-related genes between the two materials. Further Sanger sequencing of the XRCC1 BRCT domain indicated that LC-ZK2 possessed a more concentrated haplotype spectrum and exhibited distinct amino acid substitution combinations, providing candidate sites for subsequent functional validation. Overall, this study links differences in nuclear DNA diversity with repair-associated transcriptomic signatures and provides an interpretive framework for understanding leaf-scale heterogeneity divergence in L. chinensis.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1784831</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1784831</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Synergistic enhancement of soybean yield and quality by diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate: unraveling the molecular mechanisms through integrated transcriptomics]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Qingnan Hao</author><author>Chao Li</author><author>Yuanxiao Yang</author><author>Shuilian Chen</author><author>Hongli Yang</author><author>Zhonglu Yang</author><author>Zhihui Shan</author><author>Haifeng Chen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Plant growth regulators like DA-6 can enhance crop productivity and stress tolerance, yet how DA-6 overcomes the common trade-off between yield and seed quality in soybean remains unclear. Using field experiments combined with multi-tissue transcriptomics and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) at key developmental stages, we demonstrate that DA-6 application increases soybean yield by 11.5–13.4% without compromising seed protein or oil content. Mechanistically, DA-6 spatiotemporally reprograms hormone signaling and carbon metabolism, inducing a “seed-like” program in leaves—including de novo expression of storage proteins and oleosins—effectively priming leaves as temporary nutrient reservoirs. During flowering, DA-6 elevates auxin responses and suppresses jasmonate signaling to favor vegetative growth; at pod-filling, it activates jasmonate, cytokinin, and MAPK pathways to enhance stress resilience. Stems are transformed into metabolic hubs through upregulated starch degradation, trehalose metabolism, and cell wall remodeling. WGCNA further linked MAPK signaling to amino sugar metabolism and endocytosis in yield-associated modules. These findings provide a molecular framework for DA-6–mediated synergistic improvement of yield and quality, revealing novel regulatory targets for crop optimization.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1809811</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1809811</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Divergent climate-growth responses in radial growth of Chinese pine forests with varying health conditions in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Li Hongyi</author><author>Li Xuchun</author><author>Yu Haixia</author><author>Zhang Qindi</author><author>Li Zongshan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionGlobal climate change–induced extreme drought has triggered widespread forest growth decline and tree mortality worldwide, making the processes of forest decline and their responses to environmental conditions a major research focus. In the Longtan Catchment of the Loess Plateau, Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) plantations exhibit varying levels of degradation, yet the growth trends and climate-growth relationships across different health gradients remain poorly understood.MethodsWe developed tree-ring width chronologies for Chinese pine plantations representing five distinct health conditions: healthy, relatively healthy, slightly declining, moderately declining, and severely declining. Standard dendrochronological techniques were employed to compare growth rates, chronology statistical quality, and the sensitivity of radial growth to climate variables during both the growing and non-growing seasons.ResultsThe results showed that the healthy chronology exhibited a clear increasing trend in growth rate over time and relatively high statistical quality. In contrast, declining chronologies showed no evident long-term increase in growth rate and were characterized by lower chronology quality. Regarding climate responses, the strength of climate signals during the growing season decreased progressively with increasing decline severity. While healthy trees displayed strong positive correlations with climate variables, these relationships weakened and shifted toward negative associations in the moderately and severely declining stages. Similarly, positive climate signals in the non-growing season declined markedly along the health gradient, weakening substantially in the severely declining stage.DiscussionThese findings deepen our understanding of growth decline and its environmental drivers in the Loess Plateau. The health-dependent sensitivity shifts identify a critical window for proactive intervention. Our study suggests that early detection and timely density regulation, such as thinning during mild-to-moderate decline, are essential. Furthermore, management strategies should prioritize conserving non-growing-season water—especially spring moisture—to mitigate the risk of severe forest decline and support sustainable ecological restoration.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1790984</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1790984</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Cotton field population phenotyping analysis based on 3D Gaussian reconstruction and dynamic spatial constraints]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Bo Liu</author><author>Xiaojuan Li</author><author>Jiajie Yang</author><author>Zhi Liang</author><author>Xiaotong Zheng</author><author>Xiangjun Zou</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionHigh-throughput field phenotyping (HTFP) holds great potential for elucidating the relationship between genomes and phenotypes. However, obtaining high-quality three-dimensional point cloud data of field populations and achieving single-plant phenotypic analysis remain challenging.MethodsThis study develops an integrated framework for field crop reconstruction based on 3D Gaussian splatting, incorporating a geometry-aware dynamic constraint algorithm to achieve instance segmentation and extract key phenotypic traits of individual plants. Using 3D Gaussian splatting technology, field-scale cotton population modeling is accomplished, generating dense 3D point clouds for regions of interest. Furthermore, the concept of a crop localization domain is proposed, establishing a longitudinal mapping that associates plant positional coordinates with long-term phenotypic attributes. Finally, through a dynamic spatial constraint mechanism, the accuracy and computational efficiency of instance segmentation for crop population point clouds are significantly improved, enabling rapid extraction of individual plant traits such as cotyledon node height, plant height, and leaf area.ResultsThe results demonstrate that PhenotypeAI successfully reconstructed nine cotton populations with PSNR exceeding 30.0 dB. It successfully extracted regions of interest from 403 cotton plants, achieving an average F-score of 91.32% for instance segmentation and an average accuracy of 91.35%. The extracted traits—cotyledon node height, plant height, and leaf area—exhibited strong correlations with manual measurements, with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.90, 0.91, and 0.91, respectively.DiscussionThe proposed method provides a low-cost solution for high-throughput field phenotypic analysis of field cotton and improves the efficiency of cotton breeding.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1765513</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1765513</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Hormonal priming with indole-3-acetic acid modulates antioxidant defense, gene expression, and physiological responses under salinity in Limonium spp.]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Nishtha Vashishta</author><author>Megha Katoch</author><author>Chhering Youdon</author><author> Deepti</author><author>Bhavya Bhargava</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionSoil salinization is a major environmental challenge, limiting agricultural productivity and threatening ecological sustainability worldwide. Limonium spp., a halophytic genus with moderate salt tolerance, holds promise for revegetation and restoration of saline-affected lands. However, under severe salinity, its growth and physiological performance are adversely affected, highlighting the need for strategies to enhance its resilience. In this study, the potential of IAA priming to mitigate salinity-induced damage was evaluated in two Limonium cultivars, sky light and deep blue.MethodsOne-month-old plants were exposed to 250 mM NaCl, with or without prior priming with IAA. To evaluate the effect of IAA on salt stress mitigation, morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular investigations were carried out.ResultsSalt stress markedly impaired plant growth, reduced relative water content, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic efficiency, while increasing Na+ accumulation, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress. By contrast, IAA priming (20mM) alleviated these detrimental effects by enhancing osmotic adjustment, maintaining K+/Na+ homeostasis, improving chlorophyll retention, and reinforcing the antioxidant defense system. Proline accumulation, total soluble protein content, and stomatal regulation were also positively influenced by IAA treatment. Also, the expression of salt-responsive genes (RD22, RD29A, SOS1, AtP5CS1, LbMYB48, and LbAPX3) was upregulated under salinity, with a stronger induction observed in IAA-primed plants.DiscussionThese findings highlight the regulatory role of IAA in modulating physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses to salinity stress, thereby enhancing the salt tolerance of limonium. The study underscores the potential of IAA priming as a practical strategy for improving the performance of plants under salinity to support the restoration of saline ecosystems.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1758142</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1758142</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Unveiling the landscape of plant virology in Saudi Arabia: seven decades of progress and future directions toward Vision 2030]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Zafar Iqbal</author><author>Aneesa Zeb Awan</author><author>Sidra Atta</author><author>Khadim Hussain</author><author>Muhammad Khurshid</author><author>Fiaz Ahmad</author><author>Muhammad Munir</author><author>Abdul Ghafoor</author><author>Sallah A. Al Hashedi</author><author>Khaled M. A. Ramadan</author><author>Sherif Mohamed El-Gananiny</author><author>Mohammed Ali AlSaleh</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Plant viruses pose a persistent and escalating threat to global agriculture and food security, inflicting over $30 billion in annual losses – a challenge acutely felt in Saudi Arabia as it strives for agricultural self-sufficiency under Vision 2030. This is the first comprehensive review which presents seven decades of plant virology research in the Kingdom, from early symptom-based diagnosis to advanced molecular, genomic, and bioinformatics advances. A total of ~81 plant viral species infecting 46 plant host species have been documented across the major agroecological regions, dominated by positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses (~70%). Among these viruses, some are economically most destructive—including alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, soilborne cereal mosaic virus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, zucchini yellow mosaic virus, watermelon chlorotic stunt virus, and barley mild mosaic virus—posing recurrent challenges to key crops such as alfalfa, cucurbits, and tomatoes. Network analysis of virus distribution revealed strong epidemiological linkages among central and western agricultural regions, possibly driven by intensive cultivation and vector ecology. The review highlights emerging management strategies including CRISPR–Cas diagnostics, RNA interference, AI-based detection, nanotechnology, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Gaps persist in genomic surveillance, vector ecology, and biosecurity enforcement. The review concludes with future research priorities emphasizing innovation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and the development of a national plant virus genomic and surveillance framework to secure sustainable agriculture in line with Vision 2030.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1788218</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1788218</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Impact of phosphorus supply and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on rhizosphere fungal communities and growth of Macadamia integrifolia seedlings]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ya Ning</author><author>Zhonghua Wu</author><author>Yuchun Chen</author><author>Tingmei Yang</author><author>Xiyong He</author><author>Lichen Feng</author><author>Hong Zhao</author><author>Hai Yue</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionPhosphorus (P) limitation constrains the growth of Macadamia integrifolia in subtropical soils, despite intrinsic adaptations such as cluster roots and rhizosphere P mobilization. However, the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in enhancing P acquisition under varying P availability and inoculum identity remains unclear.MethodsWe conducted a controlled pot experiment with three P levels (P0, P1, P2) and two AMF treatments (indigenous consortium and Glomus mosseae), assessing seedling growth, biomass allocation, organ-level P concentrations, rhizosphere soil properties, and fungal community composition.ResultsSeedling growth and biomass allocation responded non-linearly to P, with maximal aboveground biomass at P1. Notably, G. mosseae inoculation under P1 increased aboveground biomass by 42.9% and root P concentration by 18.4%, whereas the indigenous AMF consortium enhanced leaf P and rhizosphere P under low-P conditions. AMF colonization was strongly associated with total plant biomass but decoupled from short-term P uptake efficiency. Rhizosphere fungal α-diversity and community composition varied with P supply and AMF identity, with Glomeromycota enrichment and reduced saprotroph abundance in inoculated treatments.DiscussionThese findings demonstrate context-dependent AMF effects that integrate strain-specific functional traits with intrinsic plant P-acquisition strategies, highlighting functional differentiation between growth promotion and immediate nutrient acquisition. This study provides quantitative guidance for optimizing growth and P-use efficiency in low-P-adapted woody crops.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1786710</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1786710</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Predicting the expansion of Gephyraulus lycantha as a key pest of goji berry in China under climate change]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zhongkang Song</author><author>Jianling Li</author><author>Changrong Deng</author><author>Guozhen Duan</author><author>Guanghui Fan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundThe gall midge, Gephyraulus lycantha Jiao & Kolesik (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), causes abnormal enlargement of goji berry, Lycium barbarum L, buds during its larval stage, forming galls and resulting in a significantly decrease in yield in China. Identifying the distribution of the midge in China under current and future climate change scenarios will provide guidance for the scientific prevention and control of this pest.MethodsThe MaxEnt model was used to predict the current and future potential suitable habitats for the midge in China based on the filtered 56 distribution points and 11 environmental factors, and the ArcGIS software was used to analyze the changes in its suitable region.ResultsThe results showed that when the parameters were feature combination (FC) = HP and regularization multiplier (RM) = 1, the MaxEnt model was optimal, and the AUC and TSS values were greater than 0.90. The mean temperature of driest quarter (suitable range was -9.36–4.43 °C) was the most critical factor influencing the distribution of the midge. Under current climate conditions, the area of suitable habitat for the midge was 112.73 × 104 km2, primarily distributed in Xinjiang (29.03 × 104 km2), Inner Mongolia (26.44 × 104 km2), Gansu (18.36 × 104 km2), Qinghai (10.46 × 104 km2), and Ningxia (3.90 × 104 km2) Provinces. Under the 2050s and 2070s climate scenarios, the area of suitable habitats was larger than current ones (except for SSP126), reaching its maximum under the SSP585 (119.06 × 104 km2) and SSP245 scenarios (135.25 × 104 km2), respectively.ConclusionIn addition, climate warming would cause the suitable habitat of the midge to expand northeastward. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen monitoring, early warning, and control measures for the pest to ensure the production of goji berry.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1804386</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1804386</link>
        <title><![CDATA[MFD-YOLO: an efficient instance segmentation model for precision monitoring of UAV-based lychee orchards]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Sihua Zhi</author><author>Jiaqi Zheng</author><author>Yangyi Tan</author><author>Minjie Hu</author><author>Yumeng Feng</author><author>Wanjia Yu</author><author>Lin Liu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Accurate instance segmentation of lychee canopy regions is fundamental for precision orchard management. UAV-based monitoring faces a critical dilemma: the heavy computation required for complex canopy features conflicts with the limited resources of edge devices. To resolve this accuracy-efficiency trade-off, we propose MFD-YOLO (Multi-scale-Downsampling Decoupling), a model designed for real-time UAV monitoring in orchard environments that addresses the limitations of conventional models, namely single-scale feature representation and insufficient inference efficiency. The main contributions are as follows: (1) Addressing the challenge of indistinct canopy boundaries and complex textures, we design the Multi-scale Feature Extraction (MFE) block. By employing a multi-branch parallel structure during training to capture both global contours and fine-grained leaf details, and re-parameterizing them into a single layer for inference, we enhance feature representation without incurring extra latency. (2) Addressing the issue where fine edge details are lost during standard downsampling, we introduce the Spatial-Channel Decoupled (SD) module. Unlike traditional strided convolutions that compress dimensions simultaneously, SD prioritizes channel information adaptation before spatial reduction, effectively preserving small-object features while reducing redundancy. (3) Evaluated by mAP50, precision, and recall metrics, the MFD-YOLO model performs excellently in lychee canopy segmentation tasks. It simultaneously outputs bounding box coordinates for real-time coarse localization and pixel-level masks for precise canopy delineation in complex orchard scenarios, effectively addressing practical issues in complex orchard field environments while achieving low latency on the server side. The dataset is randomly partitioned into training and validation sets at a ratio of 7:3. This model provides reliable technical support for key links including scientific pesticide application, targeted pruning, and efficient harvesting.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1784081</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1784081</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Comparative analysis of starch structure and multi-omics profiles reveals candidate pathways associated with a novel soft-waxy maize trait]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Dongpu Ji</author><author>Yi He</author><author>Junhao Ran</author><author>Ziyi Fu</author><author>Xuanyu Liu</author><author>Zhiqiang He</author><author>Guangtong Xing</author><author>Jiuguang Wang</author><author>Lian Zhou</author>
        <description><![CDATA[A novel soft-waxy maize, characterized by soft texture and slow retrogradation after cooking, was identified in this study. To investigate the structural and molecular features associated with this distinct trait, we conducted a comprehensive comparative study integrating analyses of starch physicochemical properties, molecular structure, transcriptomics and metabolomics. Soft-waxy maize starch showed a lower amylose content, reduced swelling power, distinct pasting characteristics (including a higher peak viscosity time and lower system viscosities), and higher gelatinization temperatures compared to waxy maize starch. Molecular structure characterization indicated a higher Mw and Mn, lower polydispersity, and an altered amylopectin chain-length profile, with increased proportions of B1 chains and decreased proportions of A and B2 chains. Transcriptome profiling identified differential expression of key starch biosynthesis genes, with SSIIIb-2 emerging as a candidate gene potentially contributing to the observed structural variations. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling revealed shifts in metabolic pathways that may be associated with the observed textural and palatability traits. These results provide a multi-scale characterization of a new type of maize with unique sensory profile, which offer a foundation for developing comprehensive evaluation methods and suggests potential targets for breeding waxy maize with enhanced palatability.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1774394</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1774394</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Extended phenotype of phytoplasmas in eukaryotic systems: mechanisms and ecological implications]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Eswaran Priyadharshini</author><author>Maddi Sandhya</author><author>Theerthagiri Anand</author><author>Mahalingam Angamuthu</author><author>Marimuthu Murugan</author><author>Nagendran Tharmalingam</author><author>Govindasamy Senthilraja</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Manipulation of host behavior is believed to result from parasitic genes influencing the host’s genes or its environment. This adaptive strategy, known as an extended phenotype, boosts the fitness and adaptation of pathogens. Numerous examples of extended phenotypes exist in nature, including zombie ants, fearless mice, brood parasitism in cuckoos, and zombie spiders, some of which are discussed in this review. In certain cases, parasitic pathogens cause morphological changes in their hosts that directly benefit the parasites by enhancing their adaptive fitness. Notably, plant pathogens, such as phytoplasmas, display extended phenotypes on hosts and insect vectors through the secretion of effector proteins like SAP54, PHYL1, SAP11, SAP05, TENGU, SWP1, SJP1, SJP2, Zaofeng3 (SJP3), SJP39, and Zaofeng6. These effector proteins are key factors in producing phenotypic changes in host plants that increase plant attractiveness to leafhopper vectors by targeting and degrading key transcription factors and developmental regulators. This process aligns with the concept of extended phenotype, as it significantly improves the adaptive fitness of phytoplasmas. This review explores the extended phenotype of phytoplasmas on dual eukaryotic hosts, focusing on effector proteins, their mechanisms, and modern strategies to counteract them.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1782544</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1782544</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Organic amendments boost maize yield (Zea mays L.) in karst soils via a hierarchical process driven by soil phosphorus enhancement and microbial-mediated nutrient cycling]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Rong Yang</author><author>Jingwei Zhu</author><author>Yungui Zhang</author><author>Yanxia Liu</author><author>Zhihong Li</author><author>Heng Zhang</author><author>Qiongxiang Li</author><author>Xinxiu Wang</author><author>Xi Chen</author><author>Di Chen</author><author>Qingli Liu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionSustainable food production in fragile karst landscapes requires moving beyond input-intensive agriculture.MethodsThis study investigated how long-term organic amendments affected maize yield, using a 15-year field trial on karst yellow soil. Integrating soil analysis, metagenomics, and causal modeling, revealed that adding farmyard manure or bio-organic fertilizer to mineral NPK increased yield by 12.08% and 11.48%, respectively, and improved key soil properties, most notably available phosphorus. ResultsOrganic inputs shifted the soil microbiome toward copiotrophic taxa and enriched genes for organic matter decomposition and phosphorus mobilization. However, statistical modeling revealed that these biological changes did not directly drive yield. Instead, the primary pathway was hierarchical: amendments first enhanced the soil’s chemical habitat, which then directly boosted crop growth while simultaneously shaping the microbial community and its functional potential. The interaction of soil, microbes, and genes together explained 81% of the yield variation. DiscussionOur findings demonstrate that in phosphorus-limited karst soils, organic amendments act foremost as soil conditioners. Microbial processes, though crucial, are secondary mediators that translate improved soil conditions into efficient nutrient cycling. Therefore, sustainable intensification in these vulnerable agroecosystems should prioritize managing soil health over directly targeting microbial processes.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1766062</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1766062</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Foliar thiourea and potassium nitrate enhance physiological performance, antioxidant defense, and yield of heat-stressed wheat under field conditions]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yahya Alzahrani</author><author>Hameed Alsamadany</author><author>Zahid H. Shah</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Terminal heat stress negatively affects wheat by disrupting physiological, biochemical, and agronomic traits. This study examined the effects of thiourea (50 µM) and KNO3 (0.5%), applied individually or together, on a heat-sensitive wheat genotype (HS-240) grown under field conditions. Treatments were: T0 (control), T1 (thiourea), T2 (KNO3), and T3 (thiourea + KNO3). The combined treatment (T3) improved key physiological traits, including photosynthesis rate (14.2 vs. 8.8 µmol CO2 m-² s-¹), relative water content (83% vs. 65%), and chlorophyll stability (SPAD 42 vs. 28) compared to control. Biochemical defenses were also enhanced, with higher levels of proline, soluble sugars, total phenolics, and stronger antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, POD, APX). Oxidative damage decreased, as indicated by lower electrolyte leakage and MDA, and canopy temperature depression increased (2.5 °C → 9.0 °C). These physiological and biochemical improvements translated into better crop performance, with higher grain yield (16 g vs. 12 g per plant), thousand-grain weight (42 g vs. 34 g), and harvest index (49%). Molecular analysis showed that T3 strongly upregulated genes involved in stress tolerance, antioxidants, and yield regulation (TaHSP17, TaHSP90, TaSOD, TaCAT, TaAPX, TaP5CS, TaDREB2, TaSUS, TaGW2, TaCKX2). Multivariate analyses (correlation, PCA, heatmap) confirmed positive associations between photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, and yield traits. Overall, the combined application of thiourea and KNO3 enhances wheat heat tolerance through integrated physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms, offering a practical and cost-effective strategy to sustain wheat productivity under high-temperature stress.]]></description>
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