AUTHOR=Weibell Melissa A. , Johannessen Jan Olav , Auestad Bjørn , Bramness Jørgen , Brønnick Kolbjørn , Haahr Ulrik , Joa Inge , Larsen Tor Ketil , Melle Ingrid , Opjordsmoen Stein , Rund Bjørn Rishovd , Røssberg Jan Ivar , Simonsen Erik , Vaglum Per , Stain Helen , Friis Svein , Hegelstad Wenche ten Velden 

TITLE=Early Substance Use Cessation Improves Cognition—10 Years Outcome in First-Episode Psychosis Patients

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychiatry

VOLUME=Volume 10 - 2019

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00495

DOI=10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00495

ISSN=1664-0640

ABSTRACT=Background: Cognitive impairment may be a risk factor for, as well as a consequence of, psychosis. Non-remitting symptoms, premorbid functioning, level of education, and socioeconomic background are known correlates. A possible confounder of these associations is substance use, which is common among patients with psychosis and linked to worse clinical outcomes.  Studies however show mixed results for the effect of substance use on cognitive outcomes. In this study, the long-term associations of substance use with cognition in a representative sample of first-episode psychosis patients were examined.
Methods:  The sample consisted of 195 patients. They were assessed for symptom levels, function and neurocognition at 1, 2, 5 and 10 years after first treatment. Test scores were grouped into factor-analysis based indices: Motor speed, verbal learning, visuomotor processing, verbal fluency, and executive functioning. A standardized composite score of all tests was also used. Patients were divided into four groups based on substance use patterns during the first two years of treatment: persistent users, episodic users, stop-users and non-users.  Data were analyzed using linear mixed effects modelling.
Results: Gender, premorbid academic functioning and previous education were the strongest predictors of cognitive trajectories. However, on motor speed and verbal learning indices, patients who stopped using substances within the first two years of follow-up, improved over time whereas the other groups did not. For verbal fluency, the longitudinal course was parallel for all four groups, while patients who stopped using substances demonstrated superior performances compared to non-users. Persistent users demonstrated impaired visuomotor processing speed compared to non-users. Within the stop- and episodic use groups, patients with narrow schizophrenia diagnoses performed worse compared to patients with other diagnoses on verbal learning and on the overall composite neurocognitive index.  
Discussion: This study is one of very few long-term studies on cognitive impairments in first episode psychosis focusing explicitly on substance use. Early cessation of substance use was associated with less cognitive impairment and some improvement over time on some cognitive measures, indicating a milder illness course and superior cognitive reserves to draw from in recovering from psychosis.