AUTHOR=Bonnet Udo , Specka Michael , Soyka Michael , Alberti Thomas , Bender Stefan , Grigoleit Torsten , Hermle Leopold , Hilger Jörg , Hillemacher Thomas , Kuhlmann Thomas , Kuhn Jens , Luckhaus Christian , Lüdecke Christel , Reimer Jens , Schneider Udo , Schroeder Welf , Stuppe Markus , Wiesbeck Gerhard A. , Wodarz Norbert , McAnally Heath , Scherbaum Norbert 

TITLE=Ranking the Harm of Psychoactive Drugs Including Prescription Analgesics to Users and Others–A Perspective of German Addiction Medicine Experts

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychiatry

VOLUME=Volume 11 - 2020

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.592199

DOI=10.3389/fpsyt.2020.592199

ISSN=1664-0640

ABSTRACT=Background
Over the past 15 years, comparative assessments of psychoactive substance harms to both users and others have been compiled by addiction experts. None of these rankings however have included synthetic cannabinioids or non-opioid prescription analgesics (NOAs, e.g. gabapentinoids) despite evidence of increasing recreational use. We present here an updated assessment by German addiction medicine experts considering changing Western consumption trends including those of NOAs.
Methods
In a first survey, 101 German addiction medicine physicians evaluated the health and social harms (in 5 dimensions) of 33 psychoactive substances including opioid and NOAs, to both users and others. In a second survey, 36 addiction medicine physicians estimated the relative weight of each health and social harm dimension to determine the overall harm rank of an individual substance.  We compared our ranking with the most recent European assessment from 2014.  
Results
Illicit drugs such as methamphetamine, heroin, cocaine and also alcohol were judged particularly harmful, and new psychoactive drugs (cathinones, synthetic cannabinoids) were ranked among the most harmful substances. Cannabis was ranked in the midrange, on par with benzodiazepines and ketamine – somewhat more favorable compared to the last European survey. Prescribed drugs including opioids (in contrast to the USA, Canada and Australia) were judged less harmful.  NOAs were at the bottom end of the ranking. 
Conclusion
In Germany, alcohol and illicit drugs (including new psychoactive substances) continue to rank among the most harmful addictive substances in contrast to prescribed agents including opioid analgesics and NOAs. Current laws are incongruent with these harm rankings. This study is a pioneer in rating the harms of both together, illicit and licit (prescription) psychoactive substances.