AUTHOR=Kim Namwoo , Lee Jiseon , Park Sung Hyeon , On Yoonseo , Lee Jieun , Keum Musung , Oh Sanghoon , Song Yoojin , Lee Junhee , Won Geun Hui , Shin Joon Sung , Lho Silvia Kyungjin , Hwang Yoon Jung , Kim Tae-Suk 

TITLE=GPT-4 generated psychological reports in psychodynamic perspective: a pilot study on quality, risk of hallucination and client satisfaction

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychiatry

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1473614

DOI=10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1473614

ISSN=1664-0640

ABSTRACT=BackgroundRecently, there have been active proposals on how to utilize large language models (LLMs) in the fields of psychiatry and counseling. It would be interesting to develop programs with LLMs that generate psychodynamic assessments to help individuals gain insights about themselves, and to evaluate the features of such services. However, studies on this subject are rare. This pilot study aims to evaluate quality, risk of hallucination (incorrect AI-generated information), and client satisfaction with psychodynamic psychological reports generated by GPT-4.MethodsThe report comprised five components: psychodynamic formulation, psychopathology, parental influence, defense mechanisms, and client strengths. Participants were recruited from individuals distressed by repetitive interpersonal issues. The study was conducted in three steps: 1) Questions provided to participants, designed to create psychodynamic formulations: 14 questions were generated by GPT for inferring psychodynamic formulations, while 6 fixed questions focused on the participants’ relationship with their parents. A total of 20 questions were provided. Using participants’ responses to these questions, GPT-4 generated the psychological reports. 2) Seven professors of psychiatry from different university hospitals evaluated the quality and risk of hallucinations in the psychological reports by reading the reports only, without meeting the participants. This quality assessment compared the psychological reports generated by GPT-4 with those inferred by the experts. 3) Participants evaluated their satisfaction with the psychological reports. All assessments were conducted using self-report questionnaires based on a Likert scale developed for this study.ResultsA total of 10 participants were recruited, and the average age was 32 years. The median response indicated that quality of all five components of the psychological report was similar to the level inferred by the experts. The risk of hallucination was assessed as ranging from unlikely to minor. According to the median response in the satisfaction evaluation, the participants agreed that the report is clearly understandable, insightful, credible, useful, satisfying, and recommendable.ConclusionThis study suggests the possibility that artificial intelligence could assist users by providing psychodynamic interpretations.