AUTHOR=Forrest Jessica , Chen Winnie , Jagadheesan Karuppiah 

TITLE=Misuse and diversion of stimulant medications prescribed for the treatment of ADHD: a systematic review

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychiatry

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1612785

DOI=10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1612785

ISSN=1664-0640

ABSTRACT=AimStimulant medications are an evidence-based treatment for ADHD. However, stimulant medications are associated with a risk of misuse and diversion. Given the paucity of research, this systematic review evaluates the prevalence of misuse and diversion of stimulant medication by those who are prescribed the medication for a diagnosis of ADHD, and explores risk factors for misuse and diversion.MethodsThis systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023469041). A systematic search of original articles from PubMed and PsycInfo on the topic of interest over a period of 10 years (2012-2023) was conducted. Risk of bias was assessed through JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies. A meta-analysis was conducted using JBI SUMARI software.ResultsTwelve cross sectional surveys met the inclusion criteria, with study populations ranging from 88 respondents to 10,000 respondents. Meta-analysis found an average prevalence of past year prescription stimulant medication misuse of 22.6%, past year diversion of 18.2%, and lifetime diversion of 17.9%. Risk factors for misuse included being prescribed an amphetamine-based stimulant, reporting comorbid depressive and anxiety symptoms, and believing that misuse was not associated with risks. Risk factors for diversion included exposure to peers who were misusing stimulant medication, and having surplus medication available.ConclusionWith more than one in five people reporting misuse of their prescribed stimulant medication, and one in six diverting their prescribed stimulant medication, comprehensive risk assessment and risk mitigation strategies are needed. Further research in a variety of geographic and demographic settings is needed to develop effective risk assessment tools and targeted interventions.