AUTHOR=Tivadar Michelle , Popit Sara , Locatelli Igor , Stuhec Matej 

TITLE=Critical appraisal of studies evaluating prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychiatry

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1646618

DOI=10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1646618

ISSN=1664-0640

ABSTRACT=IntroductionAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting an estimated 5–7% of children and adolescents and 2–5% of adults. However, prevalence rates in published studies vary widely, largely due to methodological differences. High-quality, accurate, prevalence data are essential for clinical decision-making and policymaking. However, these data have not been consistently documented in previous meta-analyses and systematic reviews.AimTo assess the methodological quality of studies reporting ADHD prevalence using the relevant critical appraisal tool.MethodsOur previously published systematic review identified 103 studies reporting clinically confirmed ADHD prevalence. The studies were grouped by type and age of subjects, and 101 studies were evaluated for risk of bias using an adapted Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool modelled on the Cochrane Risk of Bias-2 (RoB2) method.ResultsThe Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool was found to be the most suitable for evaluating prevalence studies. Of the studies reviewed, 62 (61.4%) were at high risk of bias, and only seven (6.9%) had a low risk. Although one- and two-stage clinical study designs are of a higher quality, they are still often highly susceptible to bias.ConclusionThe methodological quality of most ADHD prevalence studies is low. Systematic reviews must include critical appraisal to ensure the reliability of synthesised data. Accurate prevalence estimates are urgently needed in order to improve our understanding of the disease burden and enhance patient management.