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        <title>Frontiers in Psychiatry | ADHD section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/sections/adhd</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for ADHD section in the Frontiers in Psychiatry journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
        <generator>Frontiers Feed Generator,version:1</generator>
        <pubDate>2026-05-13T14:33:23.744+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1794403</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1794403</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effect of methylphenidate on physical growth indicators in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Minxin Cao</author><author>Tao Song</author><author>Xiaoli Hou</author><author>Xiaohui Yu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundMethylphenidate (MPH) is the first-line medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The results regarding its potential negative impact on the physical growth of children and adolescents with ADHD are inconsistent. Accordingly, the present research aimed to systematically evaluate the influence of MPH monotherapy on physical growth parameters in children and adolescents with ADHD.MethodsA systematic search was conducted across the Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science up to December 2025 to identify clinical studies reporting pre- and post-treatment measurements of physical growth parameters—including height, weight, and body mass index (BMI)—in children and adolescents with ADHD receiving MPH monotherapy. EndNote was employed for literature screening. Eligible studies underwent data extraction and quality evaluation. Cohort studies were evaluated utilizing the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, whereas randomized controlled trials were assessed with the RoB 2.0. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Statistical analyses were implemented in STATA 18.0.ResultsThirty-three studies were incorporated, of which 16 were rated as high quality and 17 as moderate quality. Meta-analysis indicated that MPH-treated children with ADHD exhibited significant reductions in height Z-score (mean difference [MD] = -0.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.18 to -0.09; I² = 91.1%, p < 0.001), weight Z-score (MD = -0.25, 95% CI = -0.36 to -0.15; I² = 96.8%, p < 0.001), short-term mean weight (MD = -0.34, 95% CI = -0.51 to -0.18; I² = 0.0%, p = 0.449), and body mass index Z-score (MD = -0.26, 95% CI = -0.32 to -0.20; I² = 96.3%, p < 0.001), while mean BMI showed no statistically significant difference (MD = 0.20, 95% CI = -0.24 to 0.64; I² = 96.0%, p = 0.449). For outcomes with substantial heterogeneity, subgroup and regression analyses were conducted, but no clear sources were identified.ConclusionsMPH use is significantly associated with reductions in growth parameters in children and adolescents with ADHD. Even though the effect sizes were small, clinicians should prioritize individualized monitoring. Future research should employ more standardized prospective designs to minimize potential confounders.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251117485, identifier CRD420251117485.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1764335</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1764335</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Association between childhood ADHD problems and premature mortality: identifying modifiable cardiovascular mechanisms in a UK population cohort]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ajay K. Thapar</author><author>Stephan Collishaw</author><author>George Davey Smith</author><author>Evie Stergiakouli</author><author>Anita Thapar</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundIndividuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk of premature mortality, but the mechanisms that underlie this association after young adulthood are unknown. As ADHD is associated with cardiovascular disease, modifiable cardiovascular risk factors could contribute to links between ADHD and premature mortality.AimsThis study aims to investigate whether specific cardiovascular risk factors explain the association between childhood ADHD problems and a higher risk of premature mortality.MethodsWe used the UK 1958 birth cohort, the National Child Development study (NCDS), and linked death register data to examine whether children with ADHD problems at age 7 years were at higher risk of premature mortality by age 58 and if specific modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, measured at midlife (age 44 years), mediated this association using path analysis.ResultsA total of 8,016 individuals completed both the age 7 ADHD assessment and the age 44/45 biomedical assessment. Of these individuals, 231 (3.1%) were grouped as likely having ADHD. The odds ratio (OR) for deaths (n = 251) in the ADHD group versus the non-ADHD group was 1.86 (95% CI 1.08–3.17). The risk was largely explained by cigarette smoking status at midlife and by a higher waist–hip ratio (a measure of obesity).ConclusionsChildhood ADHD problems are associated with a higher risk of premature mortality by age 58. This risk seems to be mainly explained by two potentially modifiable cardiovascular risk factors: obesity and smoking. These risks should be prioritized for preventative interventions to reduce the risk of premature mortality in those with a history of ADHD.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1788310</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1788310</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Noise, air pollution exposure and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Jing Zhang</author><author>Xiaomeng Li</author><author>Yang Li</author><author>Yuefei Wu</author><author>Zitong Zhao</author><author>Yuxin Gao</author><author>Jian Zeng</author><author>Weijie Wang</author><author>Xiaolin Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveThis meta-analysis evaluated the associations between noise exposure, air pollutants, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, aiming to inform future prevention strategies.MethodsStudies were systematically retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, covering publications from inception to November 2025. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran’s Q test and the I² statistic. Subgroup analyses, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness of the findings.ResultsNoise exposure was associated with a small increase in ADHD risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.05), with stronger associations for childhood exposure, whereas prenatal exposure showed no significant effect. Given the modest effect size, this finding should be interpreted cautiously. Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) was significantly associated with ADHD in continuous-exposure models—PM2.5 (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.16–1.50) and PM10 (OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.15–1.87). In dichotomous models, PM2.5 was not significant, while PM10 remained positively associated (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.11–2.26). Elevated nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure was also associated with a modest increase in ADHD risk (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02–1.20), whereas nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) did not show significant associations.ConclusionsNoise and several air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, and NO2) were significantly associated with increased ADHD risk, particularly during childhood exposure. Other pollutants, including O3 and SO2, did not demonstrate significant effects. These findings suggest that environmental noise and several air pollutants may be associated with ADHD; however, some observed associations, particularly for noise and NO2, were modest in magnitude and should be interpreted cautiously. These results reflect observational associations rather than evidence of a strong or causal effect, while the evidence for some pollutants remains limited or inconclusive. Further research is needed to clarify pollutant-specific associations and the role of exposure timing.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024593274, identifier CRD42024593274; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42025632899, identifier CRD42025632899.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1782999</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1782999</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Adult-diagnosed and childhood-diagnosed attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: cognitive and environmental contributions to symptom severity across different age of diagnosis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Simin Kang</author><author>Zhao Fu</author><author>Qiurong Li</author><author>Li Yang</author><author>Qingjiu Cao</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundAttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized as a neurodevelopmental disorder onset in childhood. However, accumulating evidence suggests that some adults may fulfill current diagnostic criteria for ADHD despite reporting no clinically significant symptoms during childhood. It remains unclear whether executive function and environmental factors relate differently to symptom severity across different age of diagnosis.MethodsSeventy-two adults with ADHD were recruited and classified into childhood-diagnosed (N = 37) and adult-diagnosed (N = 35) groups using structured diagnostic interviews and retrospective symptom ratings. ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Adult ADHD self-report scale, executive function with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Form, emotional symptoms via the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Self-Rating Depression Scale, and environmental factors using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Parental Bonding Instrument. Hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses were conducted to evaluate independent contributions and diagnosis-specific effects on ADHD core symptoms.ResultsThere was no significant age difference between the adult-diagnosed and childhood-diagnosed ADHD groups (25.63 ± 4.89 vs. 26.32 ± 4.69 years). Compared to the childhood-diagnosed group, adults with adult-diagnosed ADHD showed lower childhood symptoms but similar adulthood severity, alongside superior self-monitoring and significantly more psychiatric comorbidities and emotional distress. Executive function was the strongest and most consistent predictor of both inattention (β = 0.64, p < 0.001) and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms (β = 0.47, p < 0.001), whereas environmental factors contributed minimal additional explanatory power, with a modest association between parental overprotection and inattention (β = 0.28, p = 0.016). No diagnosis-specific moderation effects were observed (all p > 0.05).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that while adult-diagnosed ADHD presents with a complex clinical profile, executive function and environmental factors do not play a primary role specific to the age of diagnosis.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1786613</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1786613</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Specific associations between heart rate variability and motor domains in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a comparative study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-28T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jiaxin Chen</author><author>Xiaoxiao Chen</author><author>Deqiang Zhao</author><author>Chunmiao Wang</author><author>Haixia Hu</author><author>Yanfeng Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveThis study compared children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and typically developing (TD) controls on heart rate variability (HRV) and motor proficiency, and examined their combined role in predicting ADHD symptom severity.MethodsTwenty-nine children with ADHD and 33 TD children, matched for age and sex, underwent assessment. ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior (SWAN) scale, motor skills were evaluated using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2), and resting-state HRV was recorded via a 5-minute electrocardiogram.ResultsThe ADHD group demonstrated significantly poorer performance across all MABC-2 domains (fine motor, coordination, balance, total score; all P < 0.05). They also exhibited altered autonomic nervous system function, evidenced by significantly lower log-transformed Root Mean Square of Successive Differences and Standard Deviation of Normal-to-Normal Intervals, and a higher log-transformed LF/HF ratio (all P < 0.05). Correlation analyses revealed significant associations between motor coordination and HRV indices (logSDNN, logRMSSD). Hierarchical regression analysis identified logSDNN as a significant independent predictor of ADHD symptom severity, even after controlling for age, sex, and motor abilities.ConclusionChildren with ADHD show concurrent deficits in motor skills and autonomic regulation. HRV, particularly SDNN, serves as a robust physiological marker for symptom severity, suggesting that integrated assessment of motor and autonomic function provides a more comprehensive understanding of ADHD.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1803834</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1803834</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Electrophysiological and morphological alteration in the visual pathway of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-27T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zixuan Huang</author><author>Ye Wu</author><author>Gantian Huang</author><author>Qian Chen</author><author>Dapeng Chen</author><author>Hui Zhou</author><author>Longqian Liu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Visual evoked potentials (VEP) are common non-invasive diagnostic techniques. Researchers can use these techniques to identify possible biomarkers and explore the neurodevelopmental mechanisms underlying ADHD.MethodsThe ADHD group (37 cases, average age 8.81 ± 1.44 years) and the healthy controls (38 cases, average age 8.97 ± 1.43 years), had the OCT and VEP. The retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), optic disc parameters, and macular parameters were measured through OCT. The latencies of P100 and the amplitudes of N75-P100 and P100-N135 waves at three different spatial frequencies (visual angles of 15’, 30’, and 60’) were tested through VEP.ResultsThe average RNFL and RNFL in each quadrant between the two groups were no statistically significant (all p > 0.05). The optic disc area, average cup-to-disc ratio, and cup volume in the ADHD group were all significantly larger than those in the control group (all p < 0.05). At three visual angles (15’, 30’, 60’), P100-latency in the ADHD group were all more significant than those in the control group (all p < 0.05). The amplitudes of N75-P100 and P100-N135 in the ADHD group were all statistically significantly lower than those in the control group (all p ≤ 0.001).DiscussionFrom the perspective of electroencephalophysiology, children with ADHD may have early visual information processing disorders. This provides a theoretical and practical basis for further early intervention in children with ADHD from the field of visual perception. The study protocol followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, was approved by the local ethics committee (No 2023-2240), and was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (ChiCTR2400086223).]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1811824</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1811824</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Caregiver strain modulates the association between attention deficit and alpha oscillations in children with ADHD]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xiangsheng Luo</author><author>Mengqi Liu</author><author>Hanbo Zhang</author><author>Junhui Qi</author><author>Yanjie Qi</author><author>Huanhuan Huang</author><author>Yiwei Lin</author><author>Yin Tian</author><author>Lichong Luo</author><author>Tianyu Qu</author><author>Li Qin</author><author>Longjun Cai</author><author>Li Sun</author><author>Xiaojie Guo</author><author>Xu Chen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe neurobiological mechanisms underlying Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) remain incompletely understood. Existing research has identified abnormalities in alpha rhythm among individuals with ADHD; however, its association with core symptoms lacks consistency, suggesting that enhanced alpha activity may represent a state-dependent compensatory manifestation. The family environment, particularly caregiver stress, is recognized as an important external factor influencing the development of children with ADHD, yet its potential role as a mediator between clinical symptoms and neural brain activity has yet to be systematically explored.MethodsThe study included 59 children with ADHD. Correlations among attention deficit scores (ADS), hyperactivity/impulsivity scores (HIS), various dimensions of caregiver strain, and posterior alpha power were analyzed, with Bonferroni correction applied to control for multiple comparisons. Subsequently, hierarchical regression and mediation modeling were employed to examine the mediating effect of caregiver strain.ResultsNo direct correlation was found between ADS and alpha power. A triangular pattern among symptoms, stress, and brain activity emerged: ADS showed strong positive correlations with all dimensions of caregiver strain, and subjective internalized strain (SIS) remained significantly positively correlated with alpha power even after correction. The mediation model indicated a suppression pattern, wherein the statistical association between ADS and alpha power was consistent with a positive indirect pathway via SIS, alongside a masked direct association, resulting in a non-significant total effect.DiscussionThe findings suggest a model in which SIS is a key statistical mediator in the relationship between ADHD symptoms and specific neural oscillatory patterns, and highlight the plasticity of brain function in response to the family emotional environment.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1747588</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1747588</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Jie Li</author><author>Xinyu Hou</author><author>Qiongli Fan</author><author>Li Chen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveThis meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for treating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).MethodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines, we analyzed 28 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 1,864 participants. Outcomes encompassed core ADHD symptoms, hot and cold executive functions (EFs)—including inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility—as well as safety profiles based on adverse events. A multilevel meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses and meta-regressions were conducted to explore potential moderating factors.ResultsCompared to sham stimulation, tDCS did not significantly improve core ADHD symptoms (standardized mean difference (SMD) = –0.29, 95% CI [–0.59, 0.01], p= 0.05). Similarly, no significant overall effects were observed for cold EFs: inhibitory control (Hedges’ g(g)= –0.11, 95% CI [–0.26, 0.05], p=0.19), working memory (g= 0.13, 95% CI [–0.06, 0.32], p= 0.26), or cognitive flexibility (SMD = –0.42, 95% CI [–1.13, 0.29], p= 0.24). The effect on hot EFs was also non-significant (g = 0.27, 95% CI [–0.14, 0.70], p = 0.19). Exploratory analyses indicated that anode placement at Fp2 was associated with improvement in both inhibitory control (g= –0.52, 95% CI [–0.93, –0.11], p=0.01) and working memory (g = 0.72, 95% CI [0.22, 1.22], p = 0.004), although the overall test for interaction was not significant for inhibitory control (p= 0.19). The most common adverse reactions were mild and transient local skin symptoms, such as itching and redness (RR = 1.42, p=0.04).ConclusiontDCS was well-tolerated but did not demonstrate significant overall efficacy for core ADHD symptoms or executive functions. Anodal stimulation at Fp2 showed potential selective benefits warranting further investigation. tDCS is not currently recommended as a standalone treatment for ADHD. Future research should optimize stimulation protocols and explore combined interventions with behavioral or cognitive therapies.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, identifier CRD42024612055.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1761915</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1761915</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Associations between adult ADHD core symptoms, cognitive flexibility, and emotional eating: a case-control study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-02T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Selin Karakaya</author><author>Bedriye Öncü</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults often co-occurs with eating disorders (EDs), potentially through shared difficulties in emotional regulation, and executive functions. This study explored the associations between cognitive flexibility as a component of executive functions, core adult ADHD symptom dimensions and emotional eating-related eating behaviorsin adults with ADHD and healthy controls, within the framework of executive functions.MethodsThis case-control study included 76 adults with ADHD and 69 healthy controls. Participants completed the Self-Report Wender-Reimherr Adult Attention Deficit Disorder Scale (SR-WRAADDS), Emotional Eating Questionnaire (EEQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire (CCFQ), and Berg’s Card Sorting Test. Group differences were tested with t-tests, correlations with Spearman’s ρ, and hierarchical regression (Approval No: I11-798-23).ResultsThe ADHD group had significantly higher EEQ scores (t = 5.39, p =0.001). The ADHD group also showed lower CCFQ total score (t (125) = –5.52, p <0.001). EEQ scores were positively correlated with SR-WRAADDS Attention Deficit (ρ =0.331, p =0.003), and CCFQ Cognitive Control over Emotion (ρ = −0.256, p =0.02). Regression analysis identified attention deficit as the only significant predictor of the EEQ total scorein the ADHD group.DiscussionOur findings suggest that impairments in executive functioning—including cognitive flexibility, attentional regulation, and emotion-related control mechanisms—may play a more central role in the relationship between ADHD and emotional eating-related eating behaviors. Longitudinal studies are warrented to further elucidate these mechanisms.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1704757</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1704757</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Comparison of inflammatory and ECG markers between children/adolescents with ADHD and healthy controls]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-31T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Bari Ay</author><author>Umut Balatacı</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with low-grade systemic inflammation and autonomic dysregulation, but it remains unclear whether these alterations are accompanied by subclinical ventricular electrical heterogeneity in medicated pediatric patients. This study investigated inflammatory markers and the frontal QRS-T angle (fQRS-T) in children and adolescents with ADHD receiving methylphenidate and examined the association between inflammatory burden and fQRS-T.MethodsThis single-center retrospective cross-sectional study included 75 children and adolescents with DSM-5 ADHD who had received continuous methylphenidate treatment for at least 6 months and 75 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Participants with chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, cardiovascular, systemic, or psychiatric comorbidities were excluded. Complete blood count-derived inflammatory indices, including the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), were calculated. Standard 12-lead electrocardiograms were used to assess heart rate, QT, QTc, QRS duration, and fQRS-T.ResultsThe ADHD and control groups were similar in age and gender distribution. Conventional ECG parameters, including heart rate, QT, QTc, and QRS duration, did not differ significantly between groups. In contrast, the fQRS-T angle was significantly wider in the ADHD group than in controls (31.05° ± 32.03° vs. 18.62° ± 20.02°; p = 0.038). Among inflammatory measures, neutrophil count, SII, and PIV were significantly higher in the ADHD group. Within the ADHD group, fQRS-T was positively correlated with SII (r = 0.363, p = 0.030) and treatment duration (r = 0.340, p = 0.036). Treatment duration was also positively correlated with SII (r = 0.322, p = 0.040). In linear regression analysis, both SII (B = 0.012, 95% CI: 0.002 to 0.022; p = 0.019) and treatment duration (B = 0.945, 95% CI: 0.203 to 1.687; p = 0.014) were associated with fQRS-T.ConclusionChildren and adolescents with ADHD receiving methylphenidate showed a higher inflammatory burden and a wider fQRS-T angle than healthy controls. The association of fQRS-T with SII suggests a possible link between low-grade systemic inflammation and subclinical ventricular electrical heterogeneity in this population. However, because of the retrospective cross-sectional design and the inclusion of only methylphenidate-treated patients, these findings should be interpreted cautiously and considered hypothesis-generating.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1661725</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1661725</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The effect of phosphatidylserine on behavioral problems in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Clinical Trial</category>
        <author>ZePing Shen</author><author>SiFan Jia</author><author>Xin Li</author><author>XiaoHong Jiang</author><author>Hang Zhang</author><author>YanTong Fang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children, characterized by attention deficit, hyperactivity, and various internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems. Phosphatidylserine (PS), a nutritional supplement, has shown potential in improving behavioral symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of PS on core symptoms and associated behavioral problems in children with ADHD. We conducted a randomized, open-label, controlled trial involving 56 children with ADHD. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either phosphatidylserine or atomoxetine for three months. Core symptoms as well as internalizing and externalizing behaviors were assessed using the SNAP-IV rating scale and the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The PS group showed no significant improvement in core ADHD symptoms (attention deficit: M = 0.26, SD = 0.60, p > 0.05, d = 0.43; hyperactivity/impulsivity: M = 0.11, SD = 0.46, p > 0.05, d = 0.23; total score: M = 3.82, SD = 10.27, p > 0.05, d = 0.37), whereas the atomoxetine group showed significant improvements in attention deficit (M = 0.40, SD = 0.50, p < 0.05, d = 0.80), hyperactivity/impulsivity (M = 0.26, SD = 0.49, p < 0.05, d = 0.54), and total scores (M = 7.00, SD = 9.38, p < 0.05, d = 0.75). In contrast, the PS group demonstrated significant reductions in internalizing (M = 1.83, SD = 3.28, p < 0.05, d = 0.56) and externalizing behaviors (M = 3.38, SD = 5.20, p < 0.05, d = 0.65), whereas the atomoxetine group improved only in externalizing behaviors (M = 2.54, SD = 5.42, p < 0.05, d = 0.47). Further analysis revealed that both groups showed significant decreases in aggressive behaviors (PS: M = 2.79, SD = 4.24, p < 0.05, d = 0.66; atomoxetine: M = 2.43, SD = 4.90, p < 0.05, d = 0.50). Phosphatidylserine was not associated with significant improvements in core ADHD symptoms but was associated with reductions in internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems, particularly in reducing aggression. These findings suggest that PS warrants further investigation as a promising adjunctive treatment targeting behavioral dysregulation in children with ADHD.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1773090</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1773090</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Animal models for the study of ADHD: the need for next-generation models]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Hiroki Furuie</author><author>Taichi Hatakeyama</author><author>Wakana Harigai</author><author>Taiichi Katayama</author><author>Kenji J. Tsuchiya</author><author>Nagahide Takahashi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Animal models have long been indispensable for elucidating the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, many existing models inadequately capture the full spectrum of ADHD symptoms and their underlying neurobiological mechanisms. In this Mini Review, we argue that continued reliance on simplistic genetic models limits mechanistic insight and that next-generation approaches must integrate gene–environment (G×E) frameworks, together with behavioral readouts informed by the triple-pathway model of ADHD. Such approaches are essential for interrogating pharmacoresistant domains of ADHD, including executive dysfunction and impaired time perception, which remain inadequately addressed by current pharmacotherapies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1774449</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1774449</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity and neurotrophic factors in drug-naive children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Hurşit Ferahkaya</author><author>Necati Uzun</author><author>Hasibe Ağır</author><author>İbrahim Kılınç</author><author>Abdullah Akkuş</author><author>Fatma Coşkun</author><author>Ömer Faruk Akça</author><author>Ayhan Bilgiç</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundAttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex and not fully understood etiology. Increasing evidence suggests that neurotrophic factors involved in neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity, as well as hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that regulate the stress response, may contribute to the pathophysiology of ADHD.MethodsThis cross-sectional study aimed to compare children diagnosed with ADHD and healthy controls with respect to serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol. A total of 80 children aged 6–18 years with a diagnosis of ADHD and 81 healthy controls were included in the study. The severity of ADHD symptoms was assessed using the Conners’ Parent Rating Scale–Short Version (CPRS-SV). Serum levels of biochemical parameters were measured using commercially available electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.ResultsCompared with the healthy control group, the ADHD group exhibited significantly higher serum levels of BDNF, GDNF, VEGF, ACTH, and cortisol, whereas NT-3 levels did not differ between the groups. These group differences remained statistically significant after controlling for potential confounding variables. Correlation analyses revealed no significant associations between neurotrophic factors, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis hormones, and CPRS-SV subscale scores.ConclusionsThe present findings indicate that neurotrophic factors and hormones related to the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis are altered in medication-naïve children and adolescents with ADHD. The absence of a direct correlation between neurotrophic factors and HPA axis hormones suggests that these systems may contribute to the pathophysiology of ADHD through parallel yet partially independent and complex mechanisms. Future longitudinal and multimodal studies are warranted to elucidate the dynamic interactions between stress-related neuroendocrine processes and neurodevelopmental pathways in ADHD.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1766562</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1766562</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Toxoplasma gondii affects trait anxiety in adult ADHD]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Alexandra P. Lam</author><author>Angelika Carl</author><author>Klaus P. Kohse</author><author>Alexandra Philipsen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Background/objectiveGrowing evidence emerges that Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is associated with mental disorders like anxiety disorders or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In ADHD patients around 25% suffer from comorbid anxiety disorders. As the impact of a latent T. gondii infection on anxiety in adult ADHD remains unknown, this study aims to investigate this relationship.MethodsIn a case-control study, including 140 participants, venous blood samples were taken of 70 adult ADHD patients and 70 controls for serological analysis of markers of infection and inflammation (leukocytes, C-reactive protein, anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin M (IgM) and anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin G (IgG) (seropositivity), IgG titers (serointensity) as well as anti-T. gondii IgG avidity. The influences on state and trait anxiety were explored using the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI).ResultsSeropositivity was significantly associated with the leukocyte count in all participants (n = 140, p = 0.004). Moreover, regression analysis revealed a significant association of seropositivity and serointensity with trait anxiety but not with state anxiety: trait anxiety was significantly lower in seropositive ADHD patients compared to seronegative subjects with ADHD (n = 70, p=0.029). In addition, trait anxiety scores decreased in an IgG-dependent manner in all participants (n = 140, p = 0.028) as well as in the ADHD group (n = 70, p = 0.015). Comorbid anxiety disorders in ADHD were not associated with latent T. gondii infection.ConclusionOur data is the first revealing an association between T. gondii and trait anxiety in a serointensity-dependent manner in individuals with ADHD. Further research is needed to clarify the clinical impact of the observed lower trait anxiety in individuals with ADHD and latent T. gondii infection.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1742882</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1742882</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A multilevel meta-analysis of the effects of exercise interventions on inhibitory control in children with ADHD]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Haozhi Wang</author><author>Shanshan Wang</author><author>Gong Cheng</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundInhibitory control deficits are core cognitive dysfunctions in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Exercise interventions, as a non-pharmacological approach, show promise for improving executive functions, yet quantitative evidence regarding their effectiveness and moderating factors remains limited.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception to October 2025. Randomized controlled trials examining exercise effects on inhibitory control in children with ADHD were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 tool. A three-level random-effects model was employed to pool effect sizes while accounting for within-study dependencies. Meta-regression analyses examined moderating effects of gender ratio, training frequency, session duration, and intervention duration. Evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE.ResultsEleven trials (512 participants; 268 intervention, 244 control) yielded 15 effect sizes. The three-level meta-analysis revealed a medium-to-large beneficial effect of exercise on inhibitory control (SMD = 0.71, 95% CI [0.52, 0.91], p < 0.001) with negligible heterogeneity (I² = 0%). Within-group analyses showed significant improvements in intervention groups (SMD = 0.98, 95% CI [0.68, 1.28], p < 0.001), but not in controls (SMD = 0.13, 95% CI [−0.06, 0.31], p = 0.158). Meta-regression found no significant moderators (all p > 0.05). Sensitivity analyses confirmed robust results. Egger’s test indicated no publication bias (p = 0.606). GRADE assessment indicated low-quality evidence due to lack of blinding and trial preregistration.ConclusionExercise interventions may produce medium-to-large improvements in inhibitory control among children with ADHD. Although robust across intervention parameters, overall evidence certainty remains low due to methodological limitations. High-quality studies are needed to confirm these findings.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD420251178371.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1716578</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1716578</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Exercise prescription to improve executive functioning in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a network meta-analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Zixuan Yang</author><author>Ke Zhao</author><author>Yuanye Hu</author><author>Qinhan Zhou</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveThis study employs a network meta-analysis to investigate the potential effects of exercise type, duration, frequency, intensity, and cycle on executive functions (inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility) in children and adolescents with ADHD, thereby providing directional insights for future research.MethodsFive databases were systematically searched up to February 1, 2025, yielding 21 RCTs (n = 1,491) involving participants aged 7–18 years. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane tools. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) were used as effect measures, while SUCRA was used for probability ranking and GRADE for evidence quality grading.ResultsSkill-based exercise outperformed isolated aerobic exercise in inhibitory control (SMD = 0.73, 95% CI 0.31–1.41) and cognitive flexibility (SMD = 3.08, 95% CI 0.52–5.63). Combined exercise outperformed controls in working memory (SMD = 0.73, 95% CI 0.35–1.12). SUCRA ranking indicated the highest cumulative probability for skill-based exercise in inhibitory control (95.8) and cognitive flexibility (95.5), while aerobic exercise had the highest probability for working memory (87.1). Sensitivity analyses indicated that estimates for cognitive flexibility were significantly influenced by individual studies, demonstrating limited robustness.ConclusionPreliminary evidence suggests that moderate-intensity, skill-based exercise may improve inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility within 6–10 weeks. Aerobic exercise may enhance working memory within 4–5 weeks. However, factors such as ADHD subtypes, age, and dose-response relationships remain unclear. Clinical implementation should be individualised and await high-quality validation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1702403</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1702403</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Review of the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Adult Self-Report Scale for ADHD in a sample of employees in Puerto Rico]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ernesto Rosario-Hernández</author><author>Lillian V. Rovira-Millán</author><author>Rafael A. Blanco-Rovira</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study examined the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the 6-item Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Screener (ASRS-6) in a sample of 753 Spanish-speaking employed adults in Puerto Rico. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a bifactor model with a dominant general ADHD factor and two weaker specific dimensions (inattention and hyperactivity). The general factor accounted for substantial shared variance (ECV = .520; ωH = .724), supporting the use of the total score as the primary indicator of ADHD symptom burden. Internal consistency estimates were satisfactory, and scores were significantly higher among participants with a self-reported ADHD diagnosis. The ASRS-6 also demonstrated strong screening accuracy, with an AUC of.91 in ROC analysis. Importantly, ADHD symptoms were associated with functional impairment markers, including lower job satisfaction, greater burnout, reduced work engagement, and higher physical health complaints, underscoring the ecological validity of the screener in real-world settings. Findings support the ASRS-6 as a psychometrically sound and clinically useful tool for adult ADHD screening in Spanish-speaking populations. Its brevity and strong diagnostic performance make it suitable for use in psychiatric and primary care contexts where time-efficient assessments are needed.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1566847</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1566847</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Prevalence and associated factors of ADHD symptoms among higher education students in Southern Ethiopia]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-01-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Chalachew Kassaw</author><author>Aleksandra Meshcheriakova</author><author>Biazin Yenealem Mekuriaw</author><author>Valeriia Demareva</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionAdult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental condition originating in childhood, manifests as persistent inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, affecting occupational and daily functioning. This study examined the prevalence and associated factors of ADHD symptoms among higher education students in southern Ethiopia, aiming to elucidate the challenges faced by this population and inform targeted support strategies.MethodologyThis cross-sectional study was conducted from November to December 2024 among undergraduate students at Dilla University. ADHD symptom severity was assessed using the self-reported Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1). A random sampling technique was employed to select participants, and a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify variables associated with ADHD symptoms.ResultsA total of 513 respondents participated in the current study. Of all respondents, 218 (42%) were female. The mean grade point average (GPA) of respondents was 3.43, and 218 (42%) scored above this average. The prevalence of High ADHD symptoms among these higher education students was 25.1% (95% CI: 22.1%–27.7%). Compared to students with low ADHD symptoms, students with High symptoms were more likely to live in rural areas, have a current grade point average (GPA)< 3.43, study for less than four hours during exam periods, have a history of childhood infections, experience greater test anxiety, show poor cognitive function scores, and engage in high social media use.ConclusionsThis study revealed that one in four students experienced High ADHD symptoms, and identified some of the associated potentially modifiable factors among university students attending Dilla University, southern Ethiopia. These findings suggest the need to screen for ADHD symptoms and explore their role in the academic success of university students. Interventions should address psychosocial and cognitive aspects of academic outcomes in higher education students in low-resource settings. Moreover, multicenter and interventional studies with larger samples are warranted to validate these results and optimize intervention strategies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1733240</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1733240</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Associations of environmental tobacco smoke with ADHD and executive function in early adulthood: results from a cross-sectional study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-01-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yunyun Liu</author><author>Hong Ge</author><author>Yanling Shu</author><author>Mingyang Wu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundSecondhand smoke (SHS) and thirdhand smoke (THS) have been shown to increase the risk of physical health and mental health. However, the impact of SHS and THS exposure on ADHD symptoms and executive function remain to be elucidated.MethodsOnline surveys were used to recruit participants at a Chinese vocational college. The frequency of contact with smokers or detecting tobacco odors in residential environments was used to define SHS exposure, whereas the frequency of contact with surfaces contaminated by smokers was used to define THS exposure. The associations of SHS and THS exposure with the risk of ADHD symptoms and the executive function (Behavioral Regulation Index, BRI; Metacognitive Index, MI; Global Executive Composite, GEC) scores were evaluated by logistic regression analysis or linear regression analysis.ResultsThe rate of SHS and THS exposure was 87.7% and 76.9%, with 8.2% stating SHS exposure ≥15 min at least 1 day/week. After adjustment for confounding variables, SHS exposure (≥15 minutes on ≥1 day/week) had higher odds of ADHD symptoms (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.02–1.67), and higher BRI score (β, 2.34; 95% CI, 0.95–3.73), higher MI score (β, 3.12; 95% CI, 1.29–4.95), higher GEC score (β, 5.46; 95% CI, 2.26–8.66). Additionally, the higher the frequency of SHS/THS exposure and the greater the number of surrounding smoker, the higher risk of ADHD symptoms and the poorer executive function (P trend <0.001).ConclusionsSHS and THS exposure were related to the occurrence of ADHD symptoms and impaired executive function among young adults at a Chinese vocational college in this cross-sectional study. Further researches are warranted to validate these associations in more diverse populations.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1611535</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1611535</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Hyper-arousal vitality and its repair for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-01-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Deqiao Chen</author><author>Zhu Zhao</author><author>Wei Chen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Although the social challenges faced by individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are often attributed to attention deficits and hyperactive symptoms, their complexity necessitates re-examination from the perspective of dynamic vitality forms (VFs). VFs theory emphasizes the central role of dynamic movement styles (e.g., intensity, rhythm, spatiotemporal trajectories) in emotional transmission and intention understanding during social interactions. This study integrates neural mechanisms and behavioral characteristics to explore the abnormal manifestations of VFs in ADHD and determine their impact on social interactions. Individuals with ADHD exhibit significant dysregulation in the stability, intensity, coordination, and emotional valence of VFs, which is associated with functional abnormalities in the dorsal central insula-middle cingulate cortex (DCI–MCC) circuit that involve dopamine system dysregulation, motor coordination deficits, and emotional integration imbalances. Leveraging the dynamic plasticity of VFs, this study proposes intervention pathways such as structured motor training, impulse control, and VFs mirroring exercises to improve social functioning by utilizing the cognitive flexibility advantages of ADHD. It underscores the importance of addressing the social challenges of ADHD by moving beyond traditional behavioral frameworks and focusing on the dynamic repair of VFs.]]></description>
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