AUTHOR=Boluarte-Carbajal Alicia , Navarro-Flores Alba , Villarreal-Zegarra David 

TITLE=Explanatory Model of Perceived Stress in the General Population: A Cross-Sectional Study in Peru During the COVID-19 Context

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychology

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2021

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673945

DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673945

ISSN=1664-1078

ABSTRACT=Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on mental health worldwide. A high prevalence of stress had been previously reported in populations during this context. Many theoretical frameworks had been proposed for explaining the stress process, we aim to propose an explanatory model for the genesis of perceived stress in the Peruvian general population.

Method: We conducted an online survey in Peruvian general population assessing sociodemographic variables and evaluating mental health conditions by using The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and a numerical rating scale for fear of COVID-19. Correlation analysis was conducted for the variables of interest. Two regression models were constructed to explore related factors to the dimensions of perceived stress. Finally, a structural regression model was performed with the independent variables. 

Results: Data of 210 individuals was analyzed. Ages ranged from 15 to 74 years and 39% were women. Additionally, 65.2% of the participants had at least one mental health condition (depression, anxiety, or stress). Perceived self-efficacy and Positive Affect were correlated, as Perceived helplessness with Anxious symptoms and Negative affect. Regression analysis showed that sex, anxiety symptoms, and negative affect explained perceived helplessness while positive and negative affect explained self-efficacy. The structural regression model analysis identified that fear of COVID-19 (composed of fear of infecting others and fear of contagion), predicted mental health problems (i.e., anxiety and depression); and those were predicted by positive and negative affect. Perceived helplessness and Perceived self-efficacy were interrelated and represented the perceived stress variable.

Conclusions: We proposed an explanatory model of perceived stress based on two correlated dimensions (self-efficacy and helplessness) in the Peruvian general population during the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, with two out of three individuals surveyed have at least one mental health condition.