AUTHOR=Ou-Yang Ze-Yue , Feng Yao , Xie Dong-Dong , Yang Yi-Fan , Chen Yun , Chen Ning-Xin , Su Xiao-Lin , Kuang Bi-Fen , Zhao Jie , Zhao Ya-Qiong , Feng Yun-Zhi , Guo Yue 

TITLE=Development, validation and psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the biopsychosocial impact scale in orofacial pain patients

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychology

VOLUME=Volume 14 - 2023

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1101383

DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1101383

ISSN=1664-1078

ABSTRACT=Background:The objective of this study was to develop the Chinese version of the biopsychosocial impact scale to assess functional limitation and psychosocial distress in orofacial pain (OFP) patients in mainland China,and investigate the factor structure, reliability and validity,measurement invariance,as well as scores differences across genders,age and educational status among OFP patients.Methods:The BPIm-S was developed and evaluated in four stages:(1) concept selection and item generation;(2)a pilot study assessing face and content validity;(3) the factors structure, reliability,convergent validity, and measurement invariance; and(4) concurrent validity and clinical responsiveness.Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were performed on data gathered from 406 OFP patients to assess construct validity. Composite Reliability (CR) and the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) were used to assess internal convergent validity.Composite reliability,internal consistency, and split-half reliability were also performed to determine the reliability.MultigroupCFA (MGCFA) was used to assess measurement invariance across genders, age and educational status.Mann-Whitneytest compared scores across different genders,age and educational status.Participants completed BPIm-S,visual analogue scale(VAS),brief pain inventory facial (BPI-F),General Anxiety Disorder-7(GAD-7) andPatient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9),and spearman 'scorrelation coefficient was used toevaluate the concurrent validity and item-total correlations.12 patientswith OFP completed the BPIm-S twice to test clinical responsiveness.Toconduct the CFA andmeasurement invariance analysis,Mplus 8.4 was used. IBM SPSS Statistics 21 software and SPSSAU,a web-based data science algorithm platform tool, were used for alladditional studies.Results:For thepreliminary version,17 items were chosen.4 items were removed following the pilot research.Theremaining 13 items of the BPIm-S comprised an overall summary scale.Excellent reliability (Item-tototal correlations ranged from 0.763-0.912)and strong internal consistency(Cronbach's α = 0.970,functional limitation,0.962,and psychosocial distress,0.977)were discoveredCFA also validated the structural validity of the 13-item scale.EFA was performed and a 2factor structure wasinvestigated.In addition,MGCFA corroborated the measurement invariance of the BPIm-S across gender,age,and educational status.Patients over the age of 30,those with a medium level ofeducation,andthose with a low level of education showed substantially greater levels of functional limitation and psychological distress(Wilcoxon test, p > 0.001)Both concurrent validity and clinical responsiveness were assessed to be of good quality.Conclusion:The BPIm-S demonstrated good psychometric qualities and is a reliable tool that can now be used by clinicians to evaluate functional limitation and psychosocial distress among OFP patient.