AUTHOR=Hadlington Lee , Binder Jens , Gardner Sarah , Karanika-Murray Maria , Knight Sarah 

TITLE=The use of artificial intelligence in a military context: development of the attitudes toward AI in defense (AAID) scale

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychology

VOLUME=Volume 14 - 2023

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1164810

DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1164810

ISSN=1664-1078

ABSTRACT=Although the use of artificial intelligence (AI) applications for national security considerations is a matter of high societal significance and ongoing public discourse, very little is known about public acceptance or rejection of AI in military contexts. In particular, there is no current measure of attitudes available for this specific context while more general attitudinal measures on AI use are unlikely to capture relevant perceptions and opinions.A measure was therefore developed for the assessment of Attitudes towards AI in Defence (AAID) in the form of an item scale in questionnaire format. The present work describes the process of instrument design and subsequent piloting and refinement. A representative sample of the adult population in the UK (n = 1,500) was utilised for item analysis and selection and for establishing psychometric properties. The resulting final AAID scale consists of 15 items distributed over two factors and is suitable for use on studies involving the general public.