AUTHOR=Orsoni Matteo , Giovagnoli Sara , Garofalo Sara , Mazzoni Noemi , Spinoso Matilde , Benassi Mariagrazia 

TITLE=Comparing factor mixture modeling and conditional Gaussian mixture variational autoencoders for cognitive profile clustering

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1474292

DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1474292

ISSN=1664-1078

ABSTRACT=IntroductionUnderstanding individual cognitive profiles is crucial for developing personalized educational interventions, as cognitive differences can significantly impact how students learn. While traditional methods like factor mixture modeling (FMM) have proven robust for identifying latent cognitive structures, recent advancements in deep learning may offer the potential to capture more intricate and complex cognitive patterns.MethodsThis study compares FMM (specifically, FMM-1 and FMM-2 models using age as a covariate) with a Conditional Gaussian Mixture Variational Autoencoder (CGMVAE). The comparison utilizes six cognitive dimensions obtained from the PROFFILO assessment game.ResultsThe FMM-1 model, identified as the superior FMM solution, yielded two well-separated clusters (Silhouette score = 0.959). These clusters represent distinct average cognitive levels, with age significantly predicting class membership. In contrast, the CGMVAE identified ten more nuanced cognitive profiles, exhibiting clear developmental trajectories across different age groups. Notably, one dominant cluster (Cluster 9) showed an increase in representation from 44 to 54% with advancing age, indicating a normative developmental pattern. Other clusters displayed diverse profiles, ranging from subtle domain-specific strengths to atypical profiles characterized by significant deficits balanced by compensatory abilities.DiscussionThese findings highlight a trade-off between the methodologies. FMM provides clear, interpretable groupings suitable for broad classification purposes. Conversely, CGMVAE reveals subtle, non-linear variations in cognitive profiles, potentially reflecting complex developmental pathways. Despite practical challenges associated with CGMVAE's complexity and potential cluster overlap, its capacity to uncover nuanced cognitive patterns demonstrates significant promise for informing the development of highly tailored educational strategies.