AUTHOR=Liu Xuerong , Gong Zheng , Li Wei , Lei Jingyu , Han Xiaodi , Wang Yaozhi , Wang Xueqian , Shi Liping , Zhang Qiongzhi , Zhang Qianyu , Zhang Heng , Li Zhanghong , Liu Jianhong , Gong Jie , Chen Zhiyi , Feng Zhengzhi 

TITLE=Development and validation of the adolescents’ perceptions of parental involvement scale in China

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1529173

DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1529173

ISSN=1664-1078

ABSTRACT=IntroductionGiven the increasing academic pressures associated with intensified social competition, the role of parental involvement in education has emerged as a pivotal research area, especially within the context of Chinese culture. However, there remains a need to further delineate the characteristic dimensions of parental involvement and to develop appropriate measurement tools to quantify such involvements. By the perspective from adolescents’ reports, this study proposed a psychometric and theoretical framework for understanding Chinese adolescents’ perceptions to their parental involvement.MethodsWe adopted a mixed-methods approach across three studies. In Study 1, we conducted structural interviews with adolescents aged 12 to 18, applying grounded theory to analyze their perceptions of parental involvement. Study 2 involved the creation and refinement of a measurement questionnaire through exploratory factor analysis. Study 3 validated these dimensions through confirmatory factor analysis and criterion-related validity tests on national samples.ResultsStudy 1 identified four preliminary characteristic dimensions of perceived parental involvement: emotional involvement, academic involvement, life involvement, and social involvement. In Study 2, we developed a four-dimensional 21-item questionnaire showing high conceptional validity. Study 3 demonstrated strong reliability and construct validity for this questionnaire across different samples.DiscussionThis research provides a new understanding of the characteristic dimensions of adolescents’ perceptions of parental involvement and introduces an effective measurement tool.