AUTHOR=Svensson Åsa , Warne Maria , Gillander Gådin Katja 

TITLE=Longitudinal Associations Between Energy Drink Consumption, Health, and Norm-Breaking Behavior Among Swedish Adolescents

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Public Health

VOLUME=Volume 9 - 2021

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.597613

DOI=10.3389/fpubh.2021.597613

ISSN=2296-2565

ABSTRACT=Objectives: To describe the intake of energy drinks (EDs) among a sample of Swedish adolescents while considering health-related variables, and to investigate the longitudinal associations between ED consumption, health, and norm-breaking behavior. Longitudinal studies on this topic are scarce. 
Methods: Questionnaire data were collected in the northern part of Sweden in 2010–2011 from 1622 adolescents in grades 6–9. Analyses were performed using a chi-squared test and logistic regression.
Results: Seventy-four percent of the boys and 54 percent of the girls had consumed EDs (P<0.001). ED consumption was associated with variables related to low health, low support levels, and norm-breaking behavior. The associations were generally stronger among the girls and the boys who consumed EDs at least once a week. ED consumption was a predictor of worse health and norm-breaking behavior one year later. Adjusted odds ratios ranged from 1.53 (95% CI: 1.07, 2.20) (school-related stress) to 4.88 (95% CI: 2.28, 10.43) (gaming-related truancy). 
Conclusions: Health promotion activities benefit from a broad approach but could focus on girls who consume EDs and those boys with the highest consumption levels.