AUTHOR=Lunnay Belinda , Toson Barbara , Wilson Carlene , Miller Emma R. , Meyer Samantha Beth , Olver Ian N. , Foley Kristen , Thomas Jessica A. , Ward Paul Russell 

TITLE=Social Class and Changes in Australian Women's Affect and Alcohol Consumption During COVID-19

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Public Health

VOLUME=Volume 9 - 2021

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.645376

DOI=10.3389/fpubh.2021.645376

ISSN=2296-2565

ABSTRACT=Introduction: Before the pandemic, mid-life women in Australia were among the ‘heaviest’ female alcohol consumers, giving rise to myriad preventable health risks. This paper uses an innovative model of social class within a sample of Australian women to describe changes in affective states and alcohol consumption during COVID-19. 
Methods: Survey data were collected from Australian mid-life women (45-64 years) at two time points during COVID-19 - May 2020 (N=1218) and July 2020 (N=799). We used a multi-dimensional model for measuring social class across three domains – economic capital (income, property and assets), social capital (social contacts and occupational prestige of those known socially), and cultural capital (level of participation in various cultural activities). Latent class analysis allowed comparisons across social classes to changes in affective states and alcohol consumption patterns reported at the two time points using alcohol consumption patterns as measured by the AUDIT-C. 
Results: Seven social classes were constructed by variations in access to capital. Affective states during COVID-19 differed according to social class. Comparing between the survey time points, feeling fearful/anxious was higher in those with high economic and cultural capital and moderate social capital (‘emerging affluent’). Increased depression was most prominent in the class characterized by the highest volumes of all forms of capital (‘established affluent’). The social class characterized by the least capital (‘working class’) reported increased prevalence of uncertainty, but less so for feeling fearful or anxious, or depressed. Women’s alcohol consumption patterns changed across time during the pandemic. The ‘new middle’ class – a group characterized by high social capital (but contacts with low prestige) and minimal economic capital – had increased AUDIT-C scores. 
Conclusion: Our data shows the pandemic impacted women’s negative affective states, but not in uniform ways according to class. This nuanced understanding of the vulnerabilities of sub-groups of women in negative affect and alcohol consumption can inform future pandemic policy responses designed to improve mental health and reduce the problematic use of alcohol. Designing pandemic responses segmented for specific audiences is aided by our multi-dimensional analysis of social class, which uncovers intricate differences in affective states amongst mid-life women.