AUTHOR=Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin , Ibigbami Olanrewaju , Brown Brandon , El Tantawi Maha , Aly Nourhan M. , Ezechi Oliver C. , Abeldaño Giuliana Florencia , Ara Eshrat , Ayanore Martin Amogre , Ellakany Passent , Gaffar Balgis , Al-Khanati Nuraldeen Maher , Idigbe Ifeoma , Jafer Mohammed , Khan Abeedha Tu-Allah , Khalid Zumama , Lawal Folake Barakat , Lusher Joanne , Nzimande Ntombifuthi P. , Popoola Bamidele Olubukola , Quadri Mir Faeq Ali , Roque Mark , Al-Tammemi Ala'a B. , Yousaf Muhammad Abrar , Virtanen Jorma I. , Zuñiga Roberto Ariel Abeldaño , Ndembi Nicaise , Nkengasong John N. , Nguyen Annie Lu 

TITLE=Factors Associated With Experiences of Fear, Anxiety, Depression, and Changes in Sleep Pattern During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Adults in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Public Health

VOLUME=Volume 10 - 2022

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.779498

DOI=10.3389/fpubh.2022.779498

ISSN=2296-2565

ABSTRACT=Background: Multiple facets of the pandemic can be a source of fear, depression, anxiety and can cause changes in sleep patterns. The aim of this study was to identify health profiles and the COVID-19 pandemic related factors associated with fear, depression, anxiety and changes in sleep pattern in adults in Nigeria.
Methods: The data for this analysis was extracted from a cross-sectional online survey that collected information about mental health and wellness from a convenience sample of adults 18 years and above resident in Nigeria from July to December 2020. Study participants were asked to complete an anonymous, closed-ended online questionnaire that solicit-ed information on sociodemographic profile, health profiles (high, moderate and low COVID-19 infection risk profile) including HIV status, COVID-19 status, and self-reported experiences of fear, anxiety, depression and changes in sleep patterns.
Results: In total, 4,439 participants with mean age of 38.3 (±11.6) years responded to the survey. Factors associated with higher odds of having COVID-19 related fear were health risk (p<0.05); living with HIV (AOR: 3.88; 95% CI: 3.22-4.69); having COVID-19 symp-toms but not tested (AOR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.30-1.99); having a friend who tested positive to COVID-19 (AOR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.07-1.53) and knowing someone who died from COVID-19 (AOR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.24-1.65). The odds of feeling anxious was significantly higher for those with moderate or low health risk profile (p<0.05); living with HIV (AOR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.32-2.04); had a friend who tested positive for COVID-19 (AOR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.08-1.68) or knew someone who died from COVID-19 (AOR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.28-1.84). The odds of feeling depressed was significantly higher for those with health risk profile (p<0.05); living with HIV (AOR: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.89-3.28); and respondents who had COVID-19 symptoms but had not taken a test (AOR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.02-1.94).  Factors as-sociated with higher odds of having sleep pattern changes were having moderate and low health risk profiles (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The study findings suggest that the pandemic may cause fear, anxiety, depression and changes in sleep patterns differently for people with different health profile, HIV status and COVID-19 status.