AUTHOR=Wang Zhaohan , Ma Yue , Cai Wennian , Zhang Tao , Huang Tian , Shui Tiejun , Yin Fei , Yang Haijun 

TITLE=Quantifying the temporal trends of the combined effect of temperature and relative humidity on hand, foot, and mouth disease in Yunnan, China

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Public Health

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1553278

DOI=10.3389/fpubh.2025.1553278

ISSN=2296-2565

ABSTRACT=BackgroundHand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) poses a significant risk to children. While most studies focus on the individual effects of temperature or relative humidity, the combined effect of these factors and their temporal variations remain unclear. Understanding these effects is essential for designing effective public health interventions.MethodsUsing daily meteorological and HFMD case data collected from 2010 to 2019 in 16 cities in Yunnan Province, China, we compared three composite indices (Humidex, heat index, and temperature–humidity index) to identify the indices that best captured the combined effect of temperature and humidity on HFMD risk. An extended time-varying distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was used to examine how these effects shifted over time across population subgroups. Relative risk (RR) values at the 1%, 25%, 75%, and 99% quantiles were extracted to represent effects at extremely, moderately low, moderately, and extremely high levels.ResultsThe THIa8 demonstrated a monotonic upward exposure–response curve with narrower confidence intervals, more consistent relationships across cities, and the best model fit (Quasi-Akaike information criterion (QAIC) = 283564.2, Akaike information criterion (AIC) = 45.46, and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) = 62.30). HFMD risk decreased at extremely low (RR = 0.677, 95% CI: 0.632, 0.724) and moderately low THIa8 levels (RR = 0.766, 95% CI: 0.713, 0.823) but increased at moderately high (RR = 1.121, 95% CI: 1.084, 1.159) and extremely high THIa8 levels (RR = 1.478, 95% CI: 1.300, 1.680). Temporal analysis revealed a decreased HFMD risk at extremely low THIa8 values from 2010 to 2019, weakened protective effects at moderately low THIa8 values and an increased risk at extremely high THIa8 values. Subgroup analyses revealed that kindergarten children (3 ≤ age < 6 years) and females were particularly vulnerable.ConclusionThe THIa8 effectively captures the combined effect of temperature and relative humidity on HFMD risk revealing temporal variations. Adaptive public health strategies are needed to mitigate HFMD transmission under changing environmental conditions.