AUTHOR=Qasrawi Radwan , Thwib Suliman , Issa Ghada , Amro Malak , AbuGhoush Razan , Hoteit Maha , Khairy Sahar , Al-Awwad Narmeen Jamal , Bookari Khlood , Allehdan Sabika , Alkazemi Dalal , Al Sabbah Haleama , Al Maamari Salima , Malkawi Asma H. , Tayyem Reema 

TITLE=The impact of online food delivery applications on dietary pattern disruption in the Arab region

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Public Health

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1569945

DOI=10.3389/fpubh.2025.1569945

ISSN=2296-2565

ABSTRACT=BackgroundWhile online food delivery applications (OFDAs) offer convenient food accessibility, their impact on dietary behaviors remains insufficiently explored, especially in the Arab region. This study applies machine learning (ML) techniques to identify the key behavioral and nutritional factors contributing to dietary disruption linked to OFD platforms.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study which involved 7,370 adults across 10 Arab countries using a comprehensive online survey. The study employed an ensemble ML approach, comparing Random Forest, XGBoost, CatBoost, and LightGBM tree-based models to analyze 31 features across six domains: demographics, ordering frequency, food preferences, nutritional perceptions, behavioral factors, and service attributes. Model performance was evaluated using multiple metrics, including sensitivity, precision, F1-score, and AUC. Clear interpretation of the risk factors was explained using partial dependence plots.ResultsThe findings revealed that the strongest predictors of dietary disruption were excessive food consumption, altered meal routines, and preferences for fatty foods. Younger individuals, males, and those with higher BMI reported higher disruption rates. Lebanon and Bahrain showed the highest rates for notable disruption, while Oman reported the lowest. ML analysis demonstrated high predictive performance, with Random Forest achieving the highest sensitivity (94.3%) and F1-score (89.3%). Feature importance analysis identified behavioral factors as more influential than socioeconomic indicators.ConclusionOFDAs offer valuable convenience and market expansion while simultaneously posing significant challenges to maintaining optimal dietary health. With strategic interventions and public health collaborations, these platforms can shift from being disruptors of healthy dietary habits to catalysts for improved nutrition and well-being in the Arab region and beyond.