AUTHOR=Lin LiHan , Liu XiaoYang , Cai CaiHua , Zheng YiKun , Li Delong , Hu GuoPeng 

TITLE=Urban–rural disparities in fall risk among older Chinese adults: insights from machine learning-based predictive models

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Public Health

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1597853

DOI=10.3389/fpubh.2025.1597853

ISSN=2296-2565

ABSTRACT=BackgroundFalls among older adults are a significant challenge to global healthy aging. Identifying key factors and differences in fall risks, along with developing predictive models, is essential for differentiated and precise interventions in China’s urban and rural older populations.MethodsThe data of 5,876 older adults were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (Waves 2015 and 2018). A total of 87 baseline input variables were considered as candidate features. Predictive models for fall risk over the next 3 years among urban and rural older populations were developed using five machine learning algorithms. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify key factors influencing falls in these populations.ResultsThe fall incidence among older adults was 22.4%, with 23.2% in rural areas and 20.9% in urban areas. Common risk factors across both settings include gender, age, fall history, sleep duration, activities of daily living questionnaire scores, memory status, and chair stand test time. In rural areas, additional risks include being unmarried, having diabetes, heart disease, memory-related medication use, and living in houses built 6–20 years ago. For urban, liver disease, arthritis, physical disabilities, depressive symptoms, weak hand strength, poor relations with children, and digestive medication use are significant risk factors while living in a tidy environment is protective. Random Forest models achieved the highest AUC-ROC and sensitivity in both rural (AUC = 0.732, 95% CI: 0.69–0.78; sensitivity = 0.669) and urban (AUC = 0.734, 95% CI: 0.68–0.79; sensitivity = 0.754) areas. Decision curve analysis confirmed the model’s clinical utility across a range of threshold probabilities. Key predictors included prior experience of falling, gender, and chair stand test performance in rural areas, while in urban areas, experience of falling, gender, and age were the most influential features.ConclusionThe key factors influencing falls among older people differ between urban and rural areas, and the predictive models effectively identify high-risk populations in both settings. This facilitates targeted prevention and precise interventions, supporting healthy aging in China.