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        <title>Frontiers in Quantum Science and Technology | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/quantum-science-and-technology</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Quantum Science and Technology | New and Recent Articles</description>
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        <pubDate>2026-05-13T12:35:05.118+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2026.1704298</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2026.1704298</link>
        <title><![CDATA[An improved quantum anonymous notification protocol for quantum-augmented networks]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Nitin Jha</author><author>Abhishek Parakh</author><author>Mahadevan Subramaniam</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Current quantum networks remain difficult to scale because quantum components are noisy, expensive, and resource constrained, which limits the practical security advantages they can provide over classical network infrastructure. Quantum-augmented networks address this challenge by selectively integrating quantum primitives into classical communication systems. Within this setting, quantum anonymous notification provides a way to inform a receiver of an incoming quantum communication without exposing unnecessary metadata. In this work, we propose an improved quantum anonymous notification protocol that uses rotation operations on shared Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states to generate anonymous notifications in an n-user quantum-augmented network. We evaluate the protocol under channel-noise conditions and compare its false-notification behavior with earlier notification approaches. The modified protocol shows improved resilience to false notifications under the considered noise model while preserving the anonymity goals of the notification process. We further discuss how this notification layer can support machine-learning-assisted quantum-augmented networks by enabling receivers to prepare for quantum-payload handling without relying on context-bearing packet headers. This reduces header-based information leakage and limits targeted interference at compromised switches, making anonymous notification a useful coordination layer for practical hybrid quantum-classical networks.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2026.1754112</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2026.1754112</link>
        <title><![CDATA[On the quantum separability of qubit registers]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Szymon Łukaszyk</author>
        <description><![CDATA[I show that the bipartite separability of a pure qubit state hinges critically on the combinatorial structure of its computational-basis support. Boolean cube geometry is used to introduce a taxonomy that distinguishes support-guaranteed separability from cases in which entanglement depends on probability amplitudes. I provide closed-form support counts, identify forbidden configurations that enforce multipartite entanglement, and show how these results can enable fast entanglement diagnostics in quantum circuits. This framework offers immediate utility in classical simulation, entanglement-aware circuit design, and quantum error-correcting code analysis. This establishes support geometry as a practical and scalable tool for understanding entanglement in quantum information processing.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2026.1804272</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2026.1804272</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Correction: Quantum phenomena in biological systems]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Correction</category>
        <author>Pedro H. Alvarez</author><author>Luca Gerhards</author><author>Ilia A. Solov’yov</author><author>Marcos C. de Oliveira</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2026.1787106</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2026.1787106</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Open quantum systems in quantum technologies]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>François Damanet</author><author>Johannes Kombe</author><author>Jorge Yago Malo</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2026.1755907</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2026.1755907</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Quantum information theory]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-01-28T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Karl Hess</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1725290</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1725290</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Correlated disorder as a tunable switch between trapping and conduction in quantum ion channels]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Iara Patrícia Da Silva Ramos</author><author>Rafael Gandolfi Lanzini</author><author>Leonardo Brunnet</author><author>Sandra D. Prado</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Quantum transport efficiency is influenced by mechanisms beyond coherence, including correlated disorder, which can balance localization and mobility to produce anomalous phenomena such as quantum rogue waves. Motivated by recent findings, we investigate the impact of correlated on-site energies in a linear quantum chain modeling a biological ion channel. The system is described by a tight-binding Hamiltonian with Lindblad operators representing source and drain. The average traversal time across the channel increases logarithmically with the correlation parameter, mirroring the growth of rogue-wave probability and indicating the emergence of temporary trapped states that slow transport. These results demonstrate that correlated disorder significantly influences ion transport even in small disordered systems.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1723319</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1723319</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Quantum computing: foundations, algorithms, and emerging applications]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>V. Raseena</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Quantum computing is an emerging paradigm that leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to solve computational problems beyond the reach of classical computers. This article provides an overview of the fundamental concepts of qubits, the distinctive features of quantum mechanics such as superposition and entanglement, and the challenges of building scalable, fault-tolerant systems. It surveys key quantum algorithms and their potential applications in fields including cryptography, optimization, finance, chemistry, and machine learning. Additionally, it highlights the importance of verification frameworks for ensuring the reliability of quantum programs. A literature review of significant contributions is presented, drawing insights from recent surveys on quantum algorithms, qubit technologies, and software verification approaches. The article concludes by discussing ongoing challenges, such as error correction overhead, hardware scalability, and verification complexity, and suggests directions for future research.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1701548</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1701548</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Characterization of low-nitrogen quantum diamond for pulsed magnetometry applications]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jiashen Tang</author><author>Connor A. Roncaioli</author><author>Andrew M. Edmonds</author><author>Atli Davidsson</author><author>Connor A. Hart</author><author>Matthew L. Markham</author><author>Ronald L. Walsworth</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are versatile quantum sensors with broad applications in the physical and life sciences. The concentration of neutral substitutional nitrogen ([Ns0]) strongly influences NV electronic spin coherence times, sensitivity, and optimal sensing strategies. Diamonds with [Ns0] ∼ 1–10 ppm are a focus of recent material engineering efforts, with higher concentrations being favorable for continuous-wave optically detected magnetic resonance (CW-ODMR) and lower concentrations expected to benefit pulsed magnetometry techniques through extended NV spin coherence times and improved sensing duty cycles. In this work, we synthesize and characterize low-[Ns0] (∼0.8 ppm), NV-enriched diamond material, engineered through low-strain chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth on high-quality substrates, 12C isotopic purification, and controlled electron irradiation and annealing. Our results demonstrate good strain homogeneity in diamonds grown on CVD substrates and spin-bath-limited NV dephasing times. By measuring NV spin and charge properties across a wide range of optical NV excitation intensity, we provide direct comparisons of photon-shot-noise-limited magnetic field sensitivity between the current low-[Ns0] and previously studied higher-[Ns0] (∼14 ppm) NV-diamond sensors. We show that low-[Ns0] diamond can outperform higher-[Ns0] diamond at moderate and low optical NV excitation intensity. Our results provide practical benchmarks and guidance for selecting NV-diamond sensors tailored to specific experimental constraints and sensing requirements.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1636042</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1636042</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Encodings of the weighted MAX k-CUT problem on qubit systems]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Franz G. Fuchs</author><author>Ruben Pariente Bassa</author><author>Frida Lien</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The weighted MAX k-CUT problem involves partitioning a weighted undirected graph into k subsets, or colors, to maximize the sum of the weights of edges between vertices in different subsets. This problem has significant applications across multiple domains. This study explores encoding methods for MAX k-CUT on qubit systems by utilizing quantum approximate optimization algorithms (QAOA) and addressing the challenge of encoding integer values on quantum devices with binary variables. We examine various encoding schemes and evaluate the efficiency of these approaches. The study presents a systematic and resource-efficient method to implement the phase separation operator for the cost function of the MAX k-CUT problem. When encoding the problem into the full Hilbert space, we show the importance of encoding the colors in a balanced way. We also explore the option of encoding the problem into a suitable subspace by designing suitable state preparations and constrained mixers (LX- and Grover-mixer). Numerical simulations on weighted and unweighted graph instances demonstrate the effectiveness of these encoding schemes, particularly in optimizing circuit depth, approximation ratios, and computational efficiency.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1709220</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1709220</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Optimizing ensemble NV− spin properties of fluorescent diamond microparticles by systematic low pressure high temperature annealing]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-27T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Nicholas Nunn</author><author>Antonin Marek</author><author>Marco D. Torelli</author><author>Alex I. Smirnov</author><author>Olga A. Shenderova</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Low pressure high temperature annealing is a means for driving nitrogen and defect diffusion in diamond to reduce internal lattice damage without the need for technically complicated high-pressure cells. Herein, we perform a systematic time (5, 15, and 30 min) and temperature (1200 °C–1800 °C) study of effects of low-pressure high temperature annealing on photoluminescence, spin concentrations, and spin relaxation properties of NV centers in ca. 3 μm synthetic type 1b diamond particles. Annealing in the temperature range of ca. 1400 °C–1700 °C for even 5 min leads to a higher optically detected magnetic resonance contrast as compared to standard annealing at 900 °C for 2 h. Particles annealed at 1700 °C for 5 min exhibit a contrast close to about 13% as compared to about 9% for those annealed at 900 °C for 2 h. A reduction in the zero-field splitting strain parameter from E ≈ 4.5 MHz to ≈2.5 MHz and spectral linewidth from Δν ≈ 7 MHz to ≈4 MHz are observed even after 5 min annealing at 1700 °C. Improvements in these spectral parameters resulted in a roughly 2-fold reduction in the noise level of temperature monitoring experiment utilizing an ensemble of NV centers in the particles. Annealing in the temperature range of 1600 °C for 15 or 30 min or 1700 °C for 5 min resulted in NV T1 relaxation times approaching ca. 5 ms typically observed for bulk diamond. Quantitative electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) allowed for estimations of thermal activation energies of paramagnetic center annihilation. Monitoring the primary defect concentration (P1 and other defects with half integer spins) and utilizing second order kinetic modeling, an activation energy of 3.63 ± 0.28 eV was estimated. Alternatively, using the NV half field EPR signal and first order kinetic modeling, a similar activation energy 3.89 ± 0.29 eV was estimated.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1601795</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1601795</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Joint observables induced by indirect measurements in cavity QED]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Kalle Raikisto</author><author>Kimmo Luoma</author>
        <description><![CDATA[A fundamental feature of quantum mechanics is that there are observable pairs that cannot be measured jointly, such as observables corresponding to position and momentum or spin direction measurements. However, unsharp versions of non-jointly measurable observables may become jointly measurable. In this study, we investigate the joint measurability of time-continuous observables emerging from indirect time-continuous measurements. In particular, we study a paradigmatic situation where a qubit is interacting with a mode of light in a cavity, and the light escaping the cavity is continuously monitored. We find that the properties of the observables can be tuned by changing the type of the monitoring scheme or by tuning the initial state of the cavity. In particular, we demonstrate that heterodyne measurements are a joint measurement of a noisy homodyne measurement of a pair of canonical quadratures. Moreover, we investigate the purity of the induced qubit observables as a function of the noise.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1653104</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1653104</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Quantum machine learning early opportunities for the energy industry: a scoping review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Francesco Strata</author><author>Luca Migliori</author><author>Nour Gebran</author><author>Nicolina Guarino</author><author>Giacomo Carlo Colombo</author><author>Sara Pezzuolo</author><author>Emiliano Luzietti</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Quantum computing innovations have garnered significant attention for their potential to revolutionize industries, with the energy sector being one of the most promising areas for application. As global energy demand increases and sustainability becomes more critical, computational technologies offer groundbreaking solutions for energy production, storage, and distribution. In this landscape, quantum computing plays a crucial role in unlocking the full potential of artificial intelligence and machine learning as research and development in the quantum machine learning field grows constantly. We here present a scoping review of early quantum machine learning applications within the energy industry value chain. Starting from 34 sources, we analyze and discuss 22 use cases in the energy sector, thoroughly examining each to understand its potential applications and impact. We then evaluate these early-stage quantum applications to determine their feasibility and benefits, offering insights into their relevance and effectiveness in the context of the industry’s evolving landscape. This is done by introducing a novel framework: the Assessment Model for Innovation Management (AMIM). Our research highlights the opportunities that quantum innovations present for the energy sector and offers actionable insights into which applications are the best investments and why. Overall, the feasibility and technological maturity of quantum machine learning use cases are still in the early stages, though their market compatibility and potential benefits are mostly relatively high. This indicates that while quantum machine learning holds immense potential, further development is necessary to fully realize its benefits in the energy sector.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1656200</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1656200</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Black hole merger as an event converting two qubits into one]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Szymon Łukaszyk</author>
        <description><![CDATA[A black hole represents a quantum state that saturates three bounds of the quantum orthogonalization interval. It is a qubit in an equal superposition of its two energy eigenstates, with a vanishing ground state and a nonvanishing one equal to the black hole’s energy, where the product of the black hole’s entropy and temperature amounts to half of its energy. As two black holes frequently merge into one, it is natural to ask what happens with the qubits they carry. I consider a binary black hole as a quantum system of two independent qubits evolving independently under a common Hamiltonian to show that their merger can be considered in terms of two orthogonal projections of this Hamiltonian onto a two-dimensional Hilbert subspace, which correspond to the Bell states of this two-qubit system.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1687810</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1687810</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Advanced post-treatment strategy for quantum-grade fluorescent nanodiamonds]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Masfer H. Alkahtani</author><author>Yahya A. Alzahrani</author><author>Ayla Hazrathosseini</author><author>Abdulmalik M. Alessa</author><author>Maabur Sow</author><author>Abdulaziz Alromaeh</author><author>Abdulrahman A. Alghihab</author><author>Faisal S. Alghannam</author><author>Fedor Jelezko</author><author>Philip R. Hemmer</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) containing nitrogen-vacancy (NV−) centers are promising platforms for quantum sensing and bioimaging, but their performance is often limited by surface defects, residual graphitic carbon, and ionic contamination. Here, we report a multistep surface treatment strategy combining molten potassium nitrate (KNO3) thermal oxidation with sequential acid and alkaline cleaning to produce high-quality, quantum-grade FNDs. Molten KNO3 etching at 580 °C enables morphological reshaping and partial oxidation, while subsequent H2SO4/HNO3, NaOH, and HCl washes eliminate graphitic residues, neutralize surface charges, and remove metal ions. This protocol yields discrete, colloidally stable FNDs with enhanced photoluminescence, a high ODMR contrast of 11.5%, and extended average spin-lattice relaxation time (T1 ≈ 2045 µs). Dynamic light scattering and ζ-potential measurements confirm excellent dispersion (∼100 nm, −30 mV). The integration of chemical, morphological, and spin-performance improvements establishes a scalable route for producing FNDs suitable for high-fidelity quantum sensing and biophotonic applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1667545</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1667545</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Fabrication of oriented NV center arrays in diamond via femtosecond laser writing and reorientation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Kai Klink</author><author>Andrew Raj Kirkpatrick</author><author>Yukihiro Tadokoro</author><author>Jonas Nils Becker</author><author>Shannon Singer Nicley</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionNitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are widely recognized as highly promising solid-state quantum sensors due to their long room temperature coherence times and atomic-scale size, which enable exceptional sensitivity and nanoscale spatial resolution under ambient conditions. Ultrafast laser writing has demonstrated the deterministic spatial control of individual NV− centers, however, the resulting random orientation of the defect axis limits the magnetic field sensitivity and signal contrast.MethodsWe developed an all-optical approach for reorienting laser-written NV− centers to lie along a specific crystallographic axis using femtosecond laser annealing. The orientation is determined by polarization analysis, and the annealing and subsequent polarization analysis are repeated until the desired orientation is observed.ResultsOur method achieves deterministic alignment of NV− centers along the optical axis in (111)-oriented diamond substrates and allows selection between two observable orientation classes in (100)-oriented substrates. The reorientation preserves spatial ordering while producing uniform orientation across arrays of NV− centers.DiscussionThis approach enables scalable fabrication of orientation-controlled NV− arrays, and paves the way for scalable, high performance quantum devices based on orientation-controlled NV− centers.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1661544</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1661544</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Certified random number generation using quantum computers]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-19T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Pingal Pratyush Nath</author><author>Aninda Sinha</author><author>Urbasi Sinha</author>
        <description><![CDATA[We investigate how current noisy quantum computers can be leveraged for generating secure random numbers certified by Quantum Mechanics. While random numbers can be generated and certified in a device-independent manner through the violation of Bell’s inequality, this method requires significant spatial separation to satisfy the no-signaling condition, making it impractical for implementation on a single quantum computer. Instead, we employ temporal correlations to generate randomness by violating the Leggett-Garg inequality, which relies on the No-Signaling in Time condition to certify randomness, thus overcoming spatial constraints. By applying this protocol to different IBMQ platforms, we demonstrate the feasibility of secure, semi-device-independent random number generation using low-depth circuits with single-qubit gates. We show how error mitigation techniques lead to LGI violation compatible with theoretical predictions on the existing IBMQ machines.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1657832</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1657832</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The promise of quantum computing for population genetics and molecular ecology]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Opinion</category>
        <author>Andrew A. Davinack</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Population geneticists increasingly confront a paradox: even with genome-scale datasets and advanced machine learning models, subtle population structure often remains undetected, particularly in systems with low diversity, high dispersal, or recent divergence. This Opinion article argues that quantum computing and quantum machine learning (QML) offer a fundamentally different computational paradigm that may overcome these limitations. By leveraging principles such as superposition, entanglement, and high-dimensional Hilbert space embeddings, quantum systems can represent and analyze complex genetic relationships in ways that classical tools cannot. I outline how QML approaches such as quantum support vector machines, clustering algorithms, and optimization frameworks can be applied to detect cryptic population structure, optimize model selection, and reveal hidden patterns in genomic data. I also propose a conceptual pipeline for integrating quantum tools into molecular ecology and offer a roadmap for interdisciplinary collaboration. As quantum computing advances rapidly across the sciences, now is the time for evolutionary biologists and ecologists to engage with this emerging frontier. Quantum approaches may not only increase computational power, but also shift how we interrogate biological data, and reframe our understanding of population structure and diversity.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1526469</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1526469</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Phase-dependent transparency in a two-level system with applications to all-optical switching]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-08-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Aneesh Ramaswamy</author><author>Svetlana A. Malinovskaya</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The phenomenon of transparency, conventionally studied in three and higher level atomic systems, is extended to the case of a two-level system (TLS), where we use a semiclassical framework to describe the transparent propagation of classical fields in a medium of TLS scatterers. We demonstrate a new form of transparency with fast pulses, accounting for the initial state of the TLS, which we call phase-dependent transparency. Using the phenomenon of photon locking, we showed that TLSs initialized in maximum coherence states exhibit transparency to resonant fields when there is phase-matching between the phase of the atomic coherence and that of the probe field. An application to the problem of all-optical switching is also discussed, where on-demand transmission is generated by controlling the relative phase between a π/2 pump pulse and the transmitted probe pulse.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1603372</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1603372</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Dynamics of the ideal quantum measurement of a spin-1 with a Curie–Weiss magnet]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-07-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Theodorus Maria Nieuwenhuizen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Quantum measurement is a dynamical process involving an apparatus coupled to a test system. The ideal measurement of the z-component of a spin-12(sz=±12) has been modeled by the Curie–Weiss model for quantum measurement. Recently, the model was generalized to higher spins, and its thermodynamics were solved. Here, the dynamics are considered. To this end, the dynamics for the spin-12 case are cast in general notation. The dynamics of the measurement of the z-component of a spin-1 (sz=0,±1) are solved in detail and evaluated numerically. The energy costs of the measurement, which are macroscopic, are evaluated. The generalization to higher spin is straightforward.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1598893</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frqst.2025.1598893</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Single-qubit multi-party transmission using universal symmetric quantum cloning]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-07-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Elijah Pelofske</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study considers the hypothetical quantum network case where Alice wishes to transmit one qubit of information (specifically a pure quantum state) to M parties, where M is some large number. The remote receivers locally perform single-qubit quantum state tomography on the transmitted qubits in order to compute the quantum state within some error rate (dependent on the tomography technique and the number of transmitted qubits). We show that with the use of an intermediate optimal symmetric universal quantum cloning machine (between Alice and the remote receivers) as a repeater-type node in a hypothetical quantum network, Alice can send significantly fewer qubits compared to direct transmission of the message qubits to each of the M remote receivers. This is possible due to two properties of quantum cloning. The first is that single qubit quantum clones retain the same Bloch angle as the initial quantum state. This means that if the mixed state of the quantum clone can be computed to high enough accuracy, the original pure quantum state can be inferred by extrapolating that vector to the surface of the Bloch sphere. The second property is that the state overlap of approximate quantum clones, with respect to the original pure quantum state, quickly converges (specifically for 1→M, the limit of the fidelity as M goes to infinity is 23). This means that Alice can prepare a constant number of qubits (which are then passed through the quantum cloning machine) in order to achieve a desired error rate if M is large enough. Combined, these two properties mean that for a large M, Alice can prepare many orders of magnitude fewer qubits in order to achieve the same single qubit transmission accuracy compared to the naive direct qubit transmission approach.]]></description>
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