AUTHOR=Karumattu Manattu Arun , Borrell Jordan A. , Copeland Christopher , Fraser Kaitlin , Zuniga Jorge M. 

TITLE=Motor cortical functional connectivity changes due to short-term immobilization of upper limb: an fNIRS case report

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences

VOLUME=Volume 4 - 2023

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/rehabilitation-sciences/articles/10.3389/fresc.2023.1156940

DOI=10.3389/fresc.2023.1156940

ISSN=2673-6861

ABSTRACT=Introduction: A short-term immobilization of one hand affects musculoskeletal functions, and the associated brain network adapts to the alterations happening to the body due to injuries. It was hypothesized that the injury-associated temporary disuse of the upper limb would alter the functional interactions of the motor cortical processes and will produce long-term changes throughout the immobilization and post-immobilization period.
Methods: The case participant (male, 12 years old, right arm immobilized for clavicle fracture) was scanned using optical imaging technology of fNIRS over immobilization and post-immobilization. Three minutes of pre-task data were collected for resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis. The raw data was then processed and analyzed with the help of the NIRS Brain AnalyzIR toolbox. The Pearson correlation coefficients (R) were calculated using the NIRS Toolbox's connectivity module. Average connectivity strength and the global network efficiency were calculated using the Brain connectivity toolbox.
Results: The non-affected left-hand task presented an increased ipsilateral response during the immobilization period, which then decreased over the follow-up visits. The right-hand task showed a bilateral activation pattern immediately after the immobilization period, but the contralateral activation pattern was restored during the one-year follow-up visit. Significant differences in the average connection strength over the study period were observed. The average Connection strength decreased from the third week of immobilization and continued to be lower than the baseline value. Global network efficiency decreased in weeks two and three, while the network settled into a higher efficient state during the follow-up periods after post-immobilization.
Discussion: Short-term immobilization of the upper limb is shown to have cortical changes in terms of activations of brain regions as well as connectivity. The short-term dis-use of the upper limb has shifted the unilateral activation pattern to the bilateral coactivation of the motor cortex from both hemispheres. Resting-state data reveals a disruption in the motor cortical network during the immobilization phase, and the network is reorganized into an efficient network over one year after the injury. Understanding such cortical reorganization could be informative for studying the recovery from neurological disorders affecting motor control in the future.