AUTHOR=Löw Johannes , Hill Steven , Otte Insa , Friedrich Christoph , Thiel Michael , Ullmann Tobias , Conrad Christopher 

TITLE=Integrating the landscape scale supports SAR-based detection and assessment of the phenological development at the field level

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Remote Sensing

VOLUME=Volume 6 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/remote-sensing/articles/10.3389/frsen.2025.1610005

DOI=10.3389/frsen.2025.1610005

ISSN=2673-6187

ABSTRACT=Climate change and increasing weather and seasonal dynamics challenge agricultural landscapes. To cope with this challenge information on crop performance is key. This study presents a novel framework for bridging landscape-scale vegetation dynamics with field-level crop phenology using Sentinel-1 radar time series. Unlike previous approaches that focus on local algorithm optimisation or SAR feature selection, this work integrates two scales: (1) landscape patterns derived from annual distributions of time series metrics (TSMs) and (2) field-level phenology, both linked to growing degree days (GDD). TSMs were generated through breakpoint analyses over different smoothing intensities for Sentinel-1 polarisation (PolSAR) and interferometric coherence (InSAR) features, capturing crop, orbit and sensor-specific responses. The framework quantifies uncertainties inherent in both remote sensing and ground observations, and evaluates trackable progress (phenological stage detectability) and tracking range (GDD variance around stages) to assess accuracy under variable acquisition geometries, weather and smoothing parameters. Applied to the DEMMIN site (Germany), the analysis revealed consistent TSM-GDD relationships for wheat, rape, and sugar beet, with descriptors such as soil fertility and water availability explaining spatial patterns (R2 ≈ 0.8). Key novelties include the identification of low tracking ranges in drought years, the demonstration of the impact of orbit-specific incidence angles on monitoring fidelity, and the highlighting of Sentinel-1’s ability to resolve phenological variance across fragmented landscapes. By harmonising multi-scale SAR time series with agro-meteorological data, this approach advances transferable methods for operational crop monitoring, supporting precision agriculture and regional yield assessment beyond localised models.