AUTHOR=Bazrafkan Aliasghar , Igathinathane C. , Bandillo Nonoy , Flores Paulo 

TITLE=Optimizing integration techniques for UAS and satellite image data in precision agriculture — a review

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Remote Sensing

VOLUME=Volume 6 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/remote-sensing/articles/10.3389/frsen.2025.1622884

DOI=10.3389/frsen.2025.1622884

ISSN=2673-6187

ABSTRACT=The fusion of unmanned aerial system (UAS) and satellite imagery has emerged as a pivotal strategy in advancing precision agriculture. This review explores the significance of integrating high-resolution UAS and satellite imagery via pixel-based, feature-based, and decision-based fusion methods. The study investigates optimization techniques, spectral synergy, temporal strategies, and challenges in data fusion, presenting transformative insights such as enhanced biomass estimation through UAS-satellite synergy, improved nitrogen stress detection in maize, and refined crop type mapping using multi-temporal fusion. The combined spectral information from UAS and satellite sources confirms instrumental in crop monitoring and biomass estimation. Temporal optimization strategies consider factors such as crop phenology, spatial resolution, and budget constraints, offering effective and continuous monitoring solutions. The review systematically addresses challenges in spatial and temporal resolutions, radiometric calibration, data synchronization, and processing techniques, providing practical solutions. Integrated UAS and satellite data impact precision agriculture, contributing to improved resolution, monitoring capabilities, resource allocation, and crop performance evaluation. A comparative analysis underscores the superiority of combined data, particularly for specific crops and scenarios. Researchers exhibit a preference for pixel-based fusion methods, aligning fusion goals with specific needs. The findings contribute to the evolving landscape of precision agriculture, suggesting avenues for future research and reinforcing the field’s dynamism and relevance. Future works should delve into advanced fusion methodologies, incorporating machine learning algorithms, and conduct cross-crop application studies to broaden applicability and tailor insights for specific crops.