AUTHOR=Le Caitlin L. , Yirmibesoglu Osman Dogan , Even Sean , Buckner Trevor , Ozkan-Aydin Yasemin , Kramer-Bottiglio Rebecca 

TITLE=Grand challenges for burrowing soft robots

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Robotics and AI

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/robotics-and-ai/articles/10.3389/frobt.2025.1525186

DOI=10.3389/frobt.2025.1525186

ISSN=2296-9144

ABSTRACT=Robotic burrowing holds promise for applications in agriculture, resource extraction, and infrastructure development, but current approaches are ineffective, inefficient, or cause significant environmental disruption. In contrast, natural burrowers penetrate substrates with minimal disturbance, providing biomechanical principles that could inspire more efficient and sustainable mechanisms. A notable feature of many natural burrowers is their reliance on soft body compositions, raising the question of whether softness contributes to their burrowing success. This review explores the role of soft materials in biological burrowing and their implications for robotic design. We examine the mechanisms that soft-bodied organisms and soft robots employ for submerging and subterranean locomotion, focusing on how softness enhances efficiency and adaptability in granular media. We analyze the gaps between the capabilities of natural burrowers and soft robotic burrowers, identify grand challenges, and propose opportunities to enhance robotic burrowing performance. By bridging biological principles with engineering innovation, this review aims to inform the development of next-generation burrowing robots capable of operating with the efficiency and efficacy seen in nature.