AUTHOR=Higashi Daijiro , Fukuta Naoki , Tasaki Tsuyoshi 

TITLE=Metric scale non-fixed obstacles distance estimation using a 3D map and a monocular camera

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Robotics and AI

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/robotics-and-ai/articles/10.3389/frobt.2025.1560342

DOI=10.3389/frobt.2025.1560342

ISSN=2296-9144

ABSTRACT=Obstacle avoidance is important for autonomous driving. Metric scale obstacle detection using a monocular camera for obstacle avoidance has been studied. In this study, metric scale obstacle detection means detecting obstacles and measuring the distance to them with a metric scale. We have already developed PMOD-Net, which realizes metric scale obstacle detection by using a monocular camera and a 3D map for autonomous driving. However, PMOD-Net’s distance error of non-fixed obstacles that do not exist on the 3D map is large. Accordingly, this study deals with the problem of improving distance estimation of non-fixed obstacles for obstacle avoidance. To solve the problem, we focused on the fact that PMOD-Net simultaneously performed object detection and distance estimation. We have developed a new loss function called “DifSeg.” DifSeg is calculated from the distance estimation results on the non-fixed obstacle region, which is defined based on the object detection results. Therefore, DifSeg makes PMOD-Net focus on non-fixed obstacles during training. We evaluated the effect of DifSeg by using CARLA simulator, KITTI, and an original indoor dataset. The evaluation results showed that the distance estimation accuracy was improved on all datasets. Especially in the case of KITTI, the distance estimation error of our method was 2.42 m, which was 2.14 m less than that of the latest monocular depth estimation method.