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        <title>Frontiers in Sensors | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sensors</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Sensors | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-05-12T21:13:33.330+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1819441</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1819441</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Microneedle-based sampling of dermal interstitial fluid biomacromolecules: transport constraints, design principles, and diagnostic translation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Sahil Malhotra</author><author>Arun H. S. Kumar</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) has emerged as a viable alternative sample for minimally invasive biomacromolecules analysis, containing proteins, immunoglobulins, nucleic acids, and extracellular vesicles that reflect both systemic physiology and local tissue activity. However, effective access to ISF biomacromolecules is constrained by extracellular matrix hindrance, limited accessible volume, slow replenishment, and size- and charge-dependent transport across dermal capillaries. These physiological factors impose fundamental limitations on bulk extraction strategies and complicate quantitative interpretation. Microneedle (MN) technologies offer a controlled and minimally invasive interface to the viable epidermis and superficial dermis, enabling mechanism-specific sampling approaches including passive withdrawal, capillary-driven flow, pressure-gradient extraction, hydrogel swelling, electro-assisted enrichment, and affinity-based capture. This mini review outlines current MN-based platforms for biomacromolecule analysis in dermal ISF, emphasizing how device geometry, material selection, and transport mechanism influence recovery efficiency, sampling bias, and analytical performance. We further discuss quantification strategies, validation challenges, and translational considerations necessary for clinical adoption. A transport-aware and bias-conscious framework is proposed to guide the development of standardised and clinically robust MN-enabled ISF diagnostics.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1807434</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1807434</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Thiol-mediated electrochemical sensor for the breast cancer biomarker CA 15-3]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Nastaran Ghaffari</author><author>Priscilla Baker</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), a circulating fragment of the MUC1 glycoprotein, is widely used for monitoring breast cancer progression. In this study, we report a label-free, receptor-free electrochemical detection strategy based on adsorption-mediated modulation of gold surface oxidation. Pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) were modified with electrochemically deposited gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a reproducible multi-electrode fabrication system. The nanostructured AuNP surface exhibited enhanced electroactive area and improved electron-transfer properties, as confirmed by ferri/ferrocyanide characterization. Analytical detection was performed in phosphate-buffered saline by monitoring the intrinsic gold oxidation peak. Following incubation with CA 15-3, a concentration-dependent decrease in the gold oxidation current was observed, attributed to adsorption-induced surface passivation of electrochemically active gold sites. The platform demonstrated a linear response across the tested concentration range with a calculated limit of detection of 1.2 × 10−4 U/mL. Measurements in spiked plasma samples confirmed the feasibility of detecting CA 15-3 in complex matrices under controlled conditions. This work establishes a chemically driven, adsorption-based electrochemical sensing strategy that exploits gold surface chemistry for label-free biomarker detection.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1753123</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1753123</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Embedded very-low-frequency underwater acoustic acquisition technology and experimental study for underwater explosion monitoring]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xuexu Li</author><author>Zhen Song</author><author>Xinliang Pang</author><author>Fan Yang</author><author>Yu Lu</author><author>Yunfen Chang</author><author>Hao Yin</author><author>Yunping Liu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Very-low-frequency (VLF) underwater acoustic monitoring is a primary means for monitoring specialized underwater explosions. In view of the limited availability of dedicated off-the-shelf VLF underwater acoustic monitoring equipment and related technologies, this study investigates embedded VLF underwater acoustic acquisition techniques and develops an embedded acquisition device for VLF signals generated by specialized underwater explosions. The device adopts a modular architecture that separates the sensor from the controller, and integrates a low-noise transimpedance amplification and differential conditioning circuit, a high-resolution ADS1285 analog-to-digital converter, an STM32F429 control core, and an eMMC-based storage system. Multi-node time consistency is achieved through GNSS timing combined with a PPS synchronization mechanism, while cyclic recording and plug-and-play data export are implemented using the FATFS file system and USB MSC mode. In underwater explosion experiments, the device successfully recorded the initial shock-wave arrival, bubble pulsation signals, and long-range VLF underwater acoustic signals, thereby demonstrating the capability of the system for low-noise acquisition, reliable time synchronization, and long-term autonomous monitoring. The results indicate that the device can provide long-term stable acquisition and storage capabilities, meeting the engineering requirements of VLF underwater acoustic monitoring, explosion effect assessment, and underwater acoustic experiments, and offering key technical support for the development of VLF underwater acoustic monitoring equipment.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1800053</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1800053</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Thin single-layer textile-based matrix-type pressure sensor for protective clothing]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Uģis Briedis</author><author>Aleksandrs Vališevskis</author><author>Beatrise Santa</author><author>Miguel Carvalho</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The research focuses on the development of an ultra-thin, single-layer, matrix-type textile pressure sensor for the field of smart textiles, which can record the location of pressure application and determine the applied force. The sensor possesses the tactile characteristics of a textile, and its design incorporates only textile-based materials, ensuring greater flexibility and improved integration with textile materials. The research describes the study of piezo-resistive electro-conductive textiles and identifies the most suitable materials for creating the sensor. Testing was performed using a Zwick/Roell Z2.5 compression/strain test column and an Agilent A34970A ohmmeter. Testing focused on the sensor’s electrical resistance changes under cyclic loading, sensitivity, measurement hysteresis, and repeatability. From the experiments can summarise that for the Sefar Carbotex 03-120CF sensor load cycling repeatability varies significantly depending on the pressure point and it is difficult to summarize an approximate range of changes in the load and resistance values and hysteresis values changes in most cases from 0,44 to 0,94. The best results showed the EeonTex LTT-SLPA 60 kOhm sensor with better cycling repeatability in the low, middle and high range, and the values at different pressure points are comparable and hysteresis values changes in most cases from 0,83 to 0,94. It was found that the sensitivity values of the Sefar Carbotex 03-120CF sensor are in range of 0,004–0,05 KPa but values of the EeonTex LTT-SLPA 60 kOhm sensor–in range of 0,002–0,005 kPa. For the Carbotex fabric sensor with the increase in pressure resistance decreases, but for the Eontex fabric sensor, it increases. This can be explained by the elasticity of the Eontex fabric, as it is made of knitted fabric. A design for sensor electrodes is created using embroidery software, and electrodes made of electroconductive thread are produced using automated embroidery technology. To visually display the sensor’s operation on screen, a serial interface is used with tailor-made software. The development of this type of textile sensor would contribute to various wearable applications for protective clothing, such as in fencing equipment for sports or in the field of bullet impact detection in soft armor and protective clothing for operators working in environments with a risk of injury from impact with moving parts or falling objects, such as heavy agricultural machinery operators and first responders as well in medical application in mattress toppers to monitor body impressions.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1756022</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1756022</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Universal solvent-adaptive fluorescent AZ NPs-ACh sensor for reliable visual detection of organophosphorus pesticides via AChE-H2O2 signaling]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Huilan Hu</author><author>Yunshu Zhang</author><author>Linlin Wang</author><author>Yun Wu</author><author>Kaiquan Sheng</author><author>Zhijian Zeng</author><author>Shuying Yuan</author><author>Yibao Jin</author><author>Lan Ma</author><author>Jiangwei Tian</author><author>Bing Wang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) pose a serious threat to public health and food safety through irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, so the development of a visual detection method suitable for complex matrices is urgent. In this work, a novel fluorescence sensor was constructed based on the coordination assembly of gold-silver nanoclusters (AuAg NCs) with zinc ions (Zn2+), which exhibits a characteristic fluorescence peak at an excitation wavelength of 310 nm and an emission wavelength of 690 nm, and enables specific recognition and detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The detection system utilizes OPs as inhibitors of AChE, enabling quantitative monitoring of OPs by detecting the concentration of H2O2 generated through the synergistic catalysis of AChE and its cascade enzyme choline oxidase (ChOx). Notably, in practical analyses, the sensor demonstrates excellent fluorescence response characteristics across various solvents. Particularly in the complex matrix of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) such as: Chenpi samples, the sensor achieves accurate quantitative analysis of OPs, exhibiting a linear relationship within the range of 1–200 ng/mL. Furthermore, the sensor can be integrated onto a paper-based carrier, enabling semi-quantitative analysis of pesticide residues at the field site using a portable UV lamp, demonstrating significant practical application potential.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1814474</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1814474</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Particle and radiation sensors developed at INFN-CSN5]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Oscar Adriani</author><author>Vincenzo Guidi</author><author>Alberto Quaranta</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1757732</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1757732</link>
        <title><![CDATA[MXene-cellulose composite for healthcare applications: synthesis, properties and future outlook]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Mokae Bambo</author><author>Teboho Clement Mokhena</author><author>Joe Modise</author>
        <description><![CDATA[There is a growing interest in developing renewable materials to support a sustainable future. Cellulose, an abundant natural polymer, offers desirable characteristics such as tuneable functionality, excellent mechanical properties, and ease of processing into various forms. When combined with two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, cellulose can form advanced hybrid composites suitable for diverse applications, including health monitoring and wound dressing. This review provides an overview of recent progress in composites composed of cellulose and MXene, a novel 2D nanomaterial known for its outstanding electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and large surface area. It discusses their applications in healthcare, with particular emphasis on wound dressing and movement monitoring. Furthermore, the review addresses key challenges and explores future prospects for MXene-cellulose composites in these areas from a healthcare perspective.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1794293</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1794293</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Correction: MobileNetV2-based classification of premium tea leaves for optimized production]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Correction</category>
        <author>Indrarini Dyah Irawati</author><author>Anyelia Adianggiali</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1741826</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1741826</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Non destructive detection and localization of internal pests in agricultural hosts using microwave imaging with application to red palm weevil]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Fatima zahrae El arroud</author><author>Muhammad Zubair</author><author>Qammer H. Abbasi</author><author>Karim El Fakhouri</author><author>Youness Zaarour</author><author>Chaimae Ramdani</author><author>Mustapha El Bouhssini</author><author>Hafid Griguer</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Red Palm Weevil (RPW) infestations present a major threat to global palm agriculture, causing substantial economic losses and lacking reliable early stage detection tools. Microwave imaging (MWI) is a well-established non-invasive technique in medical diagnostics; however, its application in pest detection remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the use of MWI for RPW detection through a controlled experimental setup in which a biologically realistic phantom replicating the pupal stage of RPW in terms of geometry and dielectric properties was embedded within a natural palm trunk. Electromagnetic simulations and experimental validation using a rotating antenna platform were performed. The results demonstrate that MWI can accurately detect and localize internal RPW infestations, including challenging scenarios involving multiple hidden pupae. These findings highlight MWI as a powerful non-destructive technique for pest detection, offering advanced capabilities for early diagnosis and supporting more effective integrated pest management strategies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1736869</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1736869</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Predicting viral respiratory tract infections using wearable biosensor monitoring during 3-minute constant rate stair stepping tests]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Oussama Jlassi</author><author>Amir Hadid</author><author>Emily G. McDonald</author><author>Qianggang Ding</author><author>Christopher Phillipp</author><author>Audrey Trottier</author><author>Matthew P. Cheng</author><author>Jesse Papenburg</author><author>Michael Libman</author><author>Dennis Jensen</author><author>Philippe C. Dixon</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundViral Respiratory Tract Infections (VRTIs) are a major public health threat. Early detection and preventive measures are key to controlling their spread. Current machine learning approaches often depend on symptom onset, costly equipment, trained personnel, and slow results. This study aims to evaluate whether a machine learning algorithm using physiological data from wearable biosensors during a constant-rate stair-stepping task (3-min test, 2-min recovery) can predict inflammation levels, and to identify the most predictive indicators of VRTI.Methods55 Healthy participants (27 males and 28 females) aged 18–59 years, were recruited and inoculated with a live influenza vaccine to induce an immune response, assessed via changes in circulating inflammatory biomarkers. Physiological markers, including breathing rate and heart rate, during a series of clinically controlled stair tests, were monitored by a wearable biosensor. These data were collected to develop a prediction model using gradient-boosting machine learning algorithms combined with hyperparameter tuning and a leave-one-subject-out method to train the models.ResultsThe study developed a predictive model that accurately estimates inflammation levels in individuals. Features from heart rate variability (HRV) showed the greatest potential, with 70% sensitivity and 77% specificity, and physiological markers from controlled stair tests correlated with VRTI-related inflammatory responses.ImpactThe prediction model linked to stair-stepping tests offers clinicians and the public a tool for self-monitoring and early intervention. Using machine learning and physiological markers, especially HRV features, it can help guide timely treatments and reduce the impact of future outbreaks.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1730414</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1730414</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Voting mechanism for trustworthy localization in wireless sensor networks]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-01-28T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Slavisa Tomic</author><author>Marko Beko</author><author>Dejan Vukobratovic</author><author>Srdjan Krco</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This work aspires to provide a trustworthy solution for target localization in adverse environments, where malicious nodes, capable of manipulating distance measurements (i.e., performing spoofing attacks), are present, thus hindering accurate localization. Besides localization, its other goal is to identify (detect) which of the nodes participating in the process are malicious. This problem becomes extremely important with the forthcoming expansion of IoT and smart cities applications, that depend on accurate localization, and the presence of malicious attackers can represent serious security threats if not taken into consideration. This is the case with most existing localization systems which makes them highly vulnerable to spoofing attacks. In addition, existing methods that are intended for adversarial settings consider very specific settings or require additional knowledge about the system model, making them only partially secure. Therefore, this work proposes a novel voting scheme based on clustering and weighted central mass to securely solve the localization problem and detect attackers. The proposed solution has two main phases: 1) Choosing a cluster of suitable points of interest by taking advantage of the problem geometry to assigning votes in order to localize the target, and 2) Attacker detection by exploiting the location estimate and basic statistics. The proposed method is assessed in terms of localization accuracy, success in attacker detection, and computational complexity in different settings. Computer simulations and real-world experiments corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme compared to state-of-the-art methods, showing that it can accomplish an error reduction of 30 % and is capable of achieving almost perfect attacker detection rate when the ratio between attacker intensity and noise standard deviation is significant.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1704186</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1704186</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Emerging horizons of MXenes in wearable sensors for advanced health monitoring: an overview]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-01-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Katekani Shingange</author><author>Teboho Clement Mokhena</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Wearable sensors are revolutionizing personal healthcare by enabling continuous, real-time monitoring of vital physiological signals, which supports early diagnosis, disease management, and improved quality of life. MXenes, a novel class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, have emerged as promising materials for next-generation wearable sensors due to their exceptional electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, hydrophilicity, and versatile surface chemistry. These unique properties enable high sensitivity, fast response, and robust multifunctionality necessary for detecting a wide range of physiological parameters, including pressure, strain, temperature, humidity, and biochemical markers. Recent breakthroughs in MXene-based wearable devices demonstrate their capability for multimodal sensing, self-powered operation, and seamless integration with flexible substrates. This review provides a comprehensive overview of structural and functional features of MXenes relevant to sensing devices. Despite significant progress, challenges such as biocompatibility, environmental stability, and scalable manufacturing remain critical. In future, advances in MXene composites, hybrid sensor platforms, and AI-driven data analytics hold great promise to drive MXene wearable sensors toward widespread clinical and commercial adoption for personalized healthcare.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1659893</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1659893</link>
        <title><![CDATA[High-performance electromagnetic calorimeter with oriented crystals to open new pathways in particle and astroparticle physics]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>L. Bandiera</author><author>P. Fedeli</author><author>the Oriented Calorimeter Collaboration </author><author>L. Bandiera</author><author>V. G. Baryshevsky</author><author>L. Bomben</author><author>N. Canale</author><author>S. Carsi</author><author>F. Cescato</author><author>F. Davì</author><author>D. De Salvador</author><author>P. Fedeli</author><author>A. Gianoli</author><author>V. Guidi</author><author>V. Haurylavets</author><author>M. Korjik</author><author>G. Lezzani</author><author>A. Lobko</author><author>F. Longo</author><author>L. Malagutti</author><author>S. Mangiacavalli</author><author>A. Mazzolari</author><author>L. Montalto</author><author>P. Monti Guarnieri</author><author>M. Moulson</author><author>R. Negrello</author><author>G. Paternò</author><author>L. Perna</author><author>M. Prest</author><author>D. Rinaldi</author><author>M. Romagnoni</author><author>G. Saibene</author><author>A. Saputi</author><author>A. Selmi</author><author>F. Sgarbossa</author><author>M. Soldani</author><author>S. Squerzanti</author><author>A. Sytov</author><author>V. V. Tikhomirov</author><author>E. Vallazza</author><author>D. Valzani</author><author>G. Zuccalà</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Progress in high-energy physics has long relied on electromagnetic calorimeters–total absorption devices used to measure the energy of electrons and photons. Recently, it has been shown that electromagnetic showers can develop more rapidly inside scintillating crystals when the incoming beam is aligned with a crystal axis within a few tenths of a degree. Building on this, we are developing and testing a novel type of calorimeter based on oriented crystals, which enables a significantly reduced depth for containing high-energy showers compared to conventional designs. We report here the full R&D path, from single-crystal studies across various materials to the construction of the first 3×3 matrix of PWO crystals. The angular acceptance for shower acceleration is largely energy-independent, while the shower-length reduction becomes more pronounced at higher energies. This makes oriented-crystal calorimetry a promising solution for next-generation high-performance detectors. In addition to improving particle identification through reduced hadronic sensitivity, this technology is well-suited for forward calorimetry at colliders, fixed-target setups, and beam dumps for light dark matter searches. Furthermore, in γ-ray astrophysics, such compact calorimeters could enhance sensitivity above 1 GeV by increasing effective area without adding weight–ideal for space-based telescopes targeting high-energy transients and multi-messenger events.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1622153</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1622153</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Silicon carbide sensors in radiotherapy dosimetry: progress, challenges, and perspectives]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>G. Petringa</author><author>M. Guarrera</author><author>A. Kurmanova</author><author>S. Tudisco</author><author>C. Verona </author><author>G. A. P. Cirrone</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Accurate dosimetry is crucial in radiotherapy and particle therapy to ensure that prescribed doses are delivered to tumors while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. Advanced dosimetry systems are needed to meet the challenges of modern techniques (small fields, high dose gradients, ultra-high dose rates). Silicon carbide (SiC), a wide bandgap semiconductor, has emerged as a promising material for next-generation radiation detectors. This review highlights the role of SiC in dosimetry for photon, electron, proton, and carbon ion beams, including the new FLASH ultra-high dose rate radiotherapy. We summarize SiC’s advantageous physical properties and survey its use in various detector architectures. In conclusion, SiC shows excellent linearity, radiation tolerance, and the potential to complement or outperform conventional dosimeters. Ongoing developments and multidisciplinary research are expected to address remaining challenges and pave the way for SiC’s integration into clinical dosimetry and future high-performance applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1603365</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1603365</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Integrated waveguide sources of squeezed vacuum for gravitational wave detection and quantum metrology]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Hamza Hasnaoui</author><author>Matteo Leonardi</author><author>Jean-Pierre Zendri</author><author>Marco Bazzan</author><author>Mirko Lobino</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Integrated optics is one of the most promising platforms for quantum technologies. Integrated nonlinear waveguides have been used for the generation of quantum states of light for several applications. Here we discuss a project for the generation of squeezed vacuum in periodically poled waveguides made on a lithium niobate substrate. This non-classical optical state has been used for enhancing high precision measurements in gravitational wave detectors. However, in this application bulk sources of squeezed vacuum states have been employed. Integrated optics can provide a more robust and reliable way for the generation of these states which have great potential not only for interferometric GW detectors, but also for other high-precision optical measurements as well as for quantum computing purposes.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1552969</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1552969</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Electrochemical and biosensing applications of biochar and biochar-based composites]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-28T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Siphokazi Tshoko</author><author>Takalani Mulaudzi-Masuku</author><author>Emmanuel Iwuoha</author><author>Rachel Fanelwa Ngece-Ajayi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Biochar, a carbon-rich substance produced through biomass pyrolysis, has attracted considerable interest due to its wide-ranging applications, including in electrochemical sensing and biosensing. Their distinctive physicochemical characteristics, such as a large surface area, adjustable porosity, plentiful functional groups and outstanding electrical conductivity, render it a promising choice for electrode materials and sensor systems. The integration of biochar into composite materials alongside metals, metal oxides, polymers and nanomaterials has further augmented its electrochemical capabilities, leading to enhancements in sensitivity, selectivity and stability in sensing applications. This review offers an extensive summary of recent developments in biochar-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors, concentrating on their design, functionalization techniques and use in detecting biomolecules, environmental contaminants and electroactive species. We explore the fundamental mechanisms that drive biochar’s electrochemical behavior and underscore the collaborative effects between biochar and various composite materials in boosting sensor efficiency. Furthermore, we delve into the challenges and future prospects of biochar-based sensing technologies, highlighting their potential for creating sustainable and cost-effective analytical tools.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1585385</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1585385</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Review of INFN activities on characterization and applications of hybrid pixel detectors based on Timepix4 ASIC]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Nicolò Vladi Biesuz</author><author>Riccardo Bolzonella</author><author>Luca Brombal</author><author>Paolo Cardarelli</author><author>Viola Cavallini</author><author>Laura Antonia Cerbone</author><author>Luigi Cimmino</author><author>Pasquale Delogu</author><author>Alessandro Feruglio</author><author>Renata Longo</author><author>Vittoria Mazzini</author><author>Giovanni Mettivier</author><author>Gianfranco Paternò</author><author>Valeria Rosso</author><author>Paolo Russo</author><author>Angelo Taibi</author><author>Salvatore Tudisco</author><author>Simone Velardita</author><author>Massimiliano Fiorini</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The Medipix4 international collaboration represents a landmark initiative in the field of pixelated radiation imaging and detection. Building on the successes of its predecessors—the Medipix2 and Medipix3 collaborations—this effort has been pivotal in advancing hybrid pixel detector technology for a wide range of applications, including medical imaging, particle physics, and material science. The collaboration brings together a consortium of research institutions and industry partners, leveraging decades of expertise to push the boundaries of detector performance and integration. The aim of the Medipix4 collaboration is the development of two state-of-the-art application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs): Timepix4 and Medipix4. These ASICs are designed to address critical challenges in pixelated detection systems, including enhanced spatial resolution, higher data throughput, and improved energy resolution, while maintaining compatibility with a wide range of detector materials. The Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) has been a member of the Medipix4 collaboration since 2020. This review reports the various activities that have been carried out by INFN to fully characterize the performance of detectors based on this technology. Various assemblies composed of a Timepix4 ASIC bump-bonded to Si-sensors with different thicknesses and material characteristics were manufactured and tested.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1599365</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1599365</link>
        <title><![CDATA[ASIX: Single-photon, energy resolved X-ray imaging with 50 μm hexagonal hybrid pixel]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Massimo Minuti</author><author>Luca Baldini</author><author>Roberto Beccherle</author><author>Ronaldo Bellazzini</author><author>Ashish Bisht</author><author>Maurizio Boscardin</author><author>Alessandro Brez</author><author>Paolo Bruschi</author><author>Marco Ceccanti</author><author>Matteo Centis Vignali</author><author>Luca Frontini</author><author>Luigi Gaioni</author><author>Omar Hammad Ali</author><author>Luca Latronico</author><author>Valentino Liberali</author><author>Guido Magazzù</author><author>Alberto Manfreda</author><author>Massimo Manghisoni</author><author>Fabio Morsani</author><author>Leonardo Orsini</author><author>Luca Palini</author><author>Melissa Pesce Rollins</author><author>Michele Pinchera</author><author>Massimo Piotto</author><author>Alessandro Profeti</author><author>Paolo Prosperi</author><author>Lodovico Ratti</author><author>Andrea Ria</author><author>Sabina Ronchin</author><author>Carmelo Sgrò</author><author>Stefano Silvestri</author><author>Gloria Spandre</author><author>Alberto Stabile</author><author>Gianluca Traversi</author><author>Gabriella Trucco</author><author>Monica Vasquez</author><author>Danny Zanardo</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The Analog Spectral Imager for X-rays is a technology demonstrator of a small-pixel Hybrid Pixel Detector (HPD) designed for applications such as X-ray diffraction, synchrotron-based material science, and soft X-ray astrophysics requiring energy-resolved imaging. The ASIX architecture aims at mitigating the adverse effects of charge sharing, typical of small-pixel devices. In contrast to other frame-based photon counters or multi-threshold devices, ASIX employs, along with a 50 μm pixel, an ultra-low-noise (<30 e− ENC), fully analog, asynchronous, single-photon readout, targeting 10μm spatial resolution and 350 eV FWHM at 8 keV within the same exposure. In 2025, we began developing a small scale (∼5×5  mm2) HPD coupling a 300 μm-thick, n-on-p, edgeless silicon sensor with 50 μm pixels arranged in a hexagonal pattern to a newly designed 65-nm CMOS readout ASIC, featuring single-photon readout and on-chip analog to digital conversion, with a target rate capability of 108 ph/s/cm2. While the baseline for the ASIX R&D sensor is silicon for ≤20 keV operation, the design of the readout ASIC is compatible with High-Z materials sensors, such as cadmium-telluride or gallium-arsenide, for higher energies X-rays imaging, enabling potential extension to biomedical and preclinical research. This paper describes the ASIX imager architecture and reports on the development and testing of two Minimum Viable Products (MVPs), developed by coupling XPOL-III, a readily available 180-nm CMOS readout ASIC, to a 300 μm thick silicon sensor with 50 μm pixels and to a 750 μm thick CdTe sensor with 100 μm pixels, respectively. The MVPs achieved estimated energy resolution of 780eV FWHM at 17.5 keV (CdTe), and 620eV FWHM at 9.7 keV (silicon) and spatial resolution of 20μm (CdTe) and 7μm (silicon). These results confirm our preliminary models predicting the feasibility of simultaneous high energy and spatial resolution in such a small-pixel devices, thus securing the ASIX specifications. Finally, the paper highlights the technology gaps that ASIX would potentially fill in both terrestrial and space applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1654578</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1654578</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Thin LGADs and thin silicon diodes for applications in radiotherapy]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-27T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>F. Mas Milian</author><author>E. Data</author><author>A. Vignati</author><author>M. Donetti</author><author>M. Centis Vignali</author><author>M. Ferrero</author><author>V. Ferrero</author><author>E. Fiorina</author><author>V. Monaco</author><author>D. Montalvan Olivares</author><author>F. Pennazio</author><author>M. Pullia</author><author>V. Sola</author><author>R. Sacchi</author><author>S. Giordanengo</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Low gain avalanche diodes (LGADs) and thin n-on-p silicon diodes, when read out by fast and custom electronics, exhibit characteristics that make them promising candidates for the development of new detectors for clinical applications such as beam commissioning, diagnostics and monitoring, dosimetry, and online treatment delivery verification. Compared to gas ionization chambers, these detectors offer significantly higher sensitivity, enabling the detection of single particles at fluxes of up to 108 particles/cm2s—sufficient to cover the entire clinical intensity range of carbon ion therapy and approximately one order of magnitude lower for proton therapy. Various front-end electronics have been developed and characterized for readout configurations, ranging from single channels (pads or strips) to arrays of up to 144 strips. These systems have been applied to single-particle identification for beam monitors in particle therapy, as well as to two-dimensional beam monitoring and dosimetry in ultra-high dose rate and spatially fractionated radiotherapy. This review summarizes the detectors based on LGADs and thin n-on-p silicon diodes developed within the INFN-CSN5 projects MoVeIT, SIG, and FRIDA. Specifically, we present a 2.7 × 2.7 cm2 particle counter for measuring beam fluence and position, a beam energy detector based on the primary particle’s time-of-flight, a setup for studying beam time structure at the nanosecond scale, and a system for range verification via prompt gamma timing. Current advances in various technologies are reviewed, together with challenges and future perspectives on the application of LGADs and thin silicon diodes in radiotherapy.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1650004</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1650004</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Electrooxidation of dopamine using MoS2-Ag conductive ink on screen-printed electrodes for electrochemical sensing]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ntsoaki Mphuthi</author><author>Lucky Mashudu Sikwhivhilu</author><author>Suprakas Sinha Ray</author><author>Bulelwa Ntsendwana</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Abnormal dopamine (DA) levels in the human body are associated with severe health conditions, making their accurate detection crucial for early diagnosis and monitoring. Therefore, the development of a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for DA detection is of significant importance in physiological, biochemical, pharmaceutical, and medical applications. In this study, screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) were fabricated using MoS2-based conductive inks containing varying concentrations of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to enhance electrocatalytic activity. The ink composition included ethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as binders, providing structural integrity and adhesion, while terpineol was used as the solvent to achieve the desired viscosity for smooth and consistent printing. The printed electrodes underwent comprehensive electrochemical characterization to assess their performance, including stability, reproducibility, and sensitivity. Electrochemical analysis revealed that the SPCE/MoS2-Ag,4 electrode exhibited the best sensing characteristics due to the optimized interaction between MoS2 and Ag NPs, which facilitated improved electron transfer and enhanced detection capability. The electroanalytical performance of the sensors was assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and chronoamperometry. The SPCE/MoS2-Ag,4 sensor demonstrated a wide linear detection range from 0.01 to 0.08 mM and an exceptionally low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.016 μM for DA. Additionally, the sensor exhibited excellent reproducibility, high sensitivity, and strong selectivity, making it a promising candidate for reliable dopamine detection in biomedical and clinical applications.]]></description>
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