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        <title>Frontiers in Sensors | Sensor Devices section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sensors/sections/sensor-devices</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Sensor Devices section in the Frontiers in Sensors journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-05-13T07:39:28.790+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1753123</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1753123</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Embedded very-low-frequency underwater acoustic acquisition technology and experimental study for underwater explosion monitoring]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xuexu Li</author><author>Zhen Song</author><author>Xinliang Pang</author><author>Fan Yang</author><author>Yu Lu</author><author>Yunfen Chang</author><author>Hao Yin</author><author>Yunping Liu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Very-low-frequency (VLF) underwater acoustic monitoring is a primary means for monitoring specialized underwater explosions. In view of the limited availability of dedicated off-the-shelf VLF underwater acoustic monitoring equipment and related technologies, this study investigates embedded VLF underwater acoustic acquisition techniques and develops an embedded acquisition device for VLF signals generated by specialized underwater explosions. The device adopts a modular architecture that separates the sensor from the controller, and integrates a low-noise transimpedance amplification and differential conditioning circuit, a high-resolution ADS1285 analog-to-digital converter, an STM32F429 control core, and an eMMC-based storage system. Multi-node time consistency is achieved through GNSS timing combined with a PPS synchronization mechanism, while cyclic recording and plug-and-play data export are implemented using the FATFS file system and USB MSC mode. In underwater explosion experiments, the device successfully recorded the initial shock-wave arrival, bubble pulsation signals, and long-range VLF underwater acoustic signals, thereby demonstrating the capability of the system for low-noise acquisition, reliable time synchronization, and long-term autonomous monitoring. The results indicate that the device can provide long-term stable acquisition and storage capabilities, meeting the engineering requirements of VLF underwater acoustic monitoring, explosion effect assessment, and underwater acoustic experiments, and offering key technical support for the development of VLF underwater acoustic monitoring equipment.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1814474</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1814474</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Particle and radiation sensors developed at INFN-CSN5]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Oscar Adriani</author><author>Vincenzo Guidi</author><author>Alberto Quaranta</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1757732</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1757732</link>
        <title><![CDATA[MXene-cellulose composite for healthcare applications: synthesis, properties and future outlook]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Mokae Bambo</author><author>Teboho Clement Mokhena</author><author>Joe Modise</author>
        <description><![CDATA[There is a growing interest in developing renewable materials to support a sustainable future. Cellulose, an abundant natural polymer, offers desirable characteristics such as tuneable functionality, excellent mechanical properties, and ease of processing into various forms. When combined with two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, cellulose can form advanced hybrid composites suitable for diverse applications, including health monitoring and wound dressing. This review provides an overview of recent progress in composites composed of cellulose and MXene, a novel 2D nanomaterial known for its outstanding electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and large surface area. It discusses their applications in healthcare, with particular emphasis on wound dressing and movement monitoring. Furthermore, the review addresses key challenges and explores future prospects for MXene-cellulose composites in these areas from a healthcare perspective.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1741826</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2026.1741826</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Non destructive detection and localization of internal pests in agricultural hosts using microwave imaging with application to red palm weevil]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Fatima zahrae El arroud</author><author>Muhammad Zubair</author><author>Qammer H. Abbasi</author><author>Karim El Fakhouri</author><author>Youness Zaarour</author><author>Chaimae Ramdani</author><author>Mustapha El Bouhssini</author><author>Hafid Griguer</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Red Palm Weevil (RPW) infestations present a major threat to global palm agriculture, causing substantial economic losses and lacking reliable early stage detection tools. Microwave imaging (MWI) is a well-established non-invasive technique in medical diagnostics; however, its application in pest detection remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the use of MWI for RPW detection through a controlled experimental setup in which a biologically realistic phantom replicating the pupal stage of RPW in terms of geometry and dielectric properties was embedded within a natural palm trunk. Electromagnetic simulations and experimental validation using a rotating antenna platform were performed. The results demonstrate that MWI can accurately detect and localize internal RPW infestations, including challenging scenarios involving multiple hidden pupae. These findings highlight MWI as a powerful non-destructive technique for pest detection, offering advanced capabilities for early diagnosis and supporting more effective integrated pest management strategies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1704186</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1704186</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Emerging horizons of MXenes in wearable sensors for advanced health monitoring: an overview]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-01-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Katekani Shingange</author><author>Teboho Clement Mokhena</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Wearable sensors are revolutionizing personal healthcare by enabling continuous, real-time monitoring of vital physiological signals, which supports early diagnosis, disease management, and improved quality of life. MXenes, a novel class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, have emerged as promising materials for next-generation wearable sensors due to their exceptional electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, hydrophilicity, and versatile surface chemistry. These unique properties enable high sensitivity, fast response, and robust multifunctionality necessary for detecting a wide range of physiological parameters, including pressure, strain, temperature, humidity, and biochemical markers. Recent breakthroughs in MXene-based wearable devices demonstrate their capability for multimodal sensing, self-powered operation, and seamless integration with flexible substrates. This review provides a comprehensive overview of structural and functional features of MXenes relevant to sensing devices. Despite significant progress, challenges such as biocompatibility, environmental stability, and scalable manufacturing remain critical. In future, advances in MXene composites, hybrid sensor platforms, and AI-driven data analytics hold great promise to drive MXene wearable sensors toward widespread clinical and commercial adoption for personalized healthcare.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1659893</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1659893</link>
        <title><![CDATA[High-performance electromagnetic calorimeter with oriented crystals to open new pathways in particle and astroparticle physics]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>L. Bandiera</author><author>P. Fedeli</author><author>the Oriented Calorimeter Collaboration </author><author>L. Bandiera</author><author>V. G. Baryshevsky</author><author>L. Bomben</author><author>N. Canale</author><author>S. Carsi</author><author>F. Cescato</author><author>F. Davì</author><author>D. De Salvador</author><author>P. Fedeli</author><author>A. Gianoli</author><author>V. Guidi</author><author>V. Haurylavets</author><author>M. Korjik</author><author>G. Lezzani</author><author>A. Lobko</author><author>F. Longo</author><author>L. Malagutti</author><author>S. Mangiacavalli</author><author>A. Mazzolari</author><author>L. Montalto</author><author>P. Monti Guarnieri</author><author>M. Moulson</author><author>R. Negrello</author><author>G. Paternò</author><author>L. Perna</author><author>M. Prest</author><author>D. Rinaldi</author><author>M. Romagnoni</author><author>G. Saibene</author><author>A. Saputi</author><author>A. Selmi</author><author>F. Sgarbossa</author><author>M. Soldani</author><author>S. Squerzanti</author><author>A. Sytov</author><author>V. V. Tikhomirov</author><author>E. Vallazza</author><author>D. Valzani</author><author>G. Zuccalà</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Progress in high-energy physics has long relied on electromagnetic calorimeters–total absorption devices used to measure the energy of electrons and photons. Recently, it has been shown that electromagnetic showers can develop more rapidly inside scintillating crystals when the incoming beam is aligned with a crystal axis within a few tenths of a degree. Building on this, we are developing and testing a novel type of calorimeter based on oriented crystals, which enables a significantly reduced depth for containing high-energy showers compared to conventional designs. We report here the full R&D path, from single-crystal studies across various materials to the construction of the first 3×3 matrix of PWO crystals. The angular acceptance for shower acceleration is largely energy-independent, while the shower-length reduction becomes more pronounced at higher energies. This makes oriented-crystal calorimetry a promising solution for next-generation high-performance detectors. In addition to improving particle identification through reduced hadronic sensitivity, this technology is well-suited for forward calorimetry at colliders, fixed-target setups, and beam dumps for light dark matter searches. Furthermore, in γ-ray astrophysics, such compact calorimeters could enhance sensitivity above 1 GeV by increasing effective area without adding weight–ideal for space-based telescopes targeting high-energy transients and multi-messenger events.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1622153</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1622153</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Silicon carbide sensors in radiotherapy dosimetry: progress, challenges, and perspectives]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>G. Petringa</author><author>M. Guarrera</author><author>A. Kurmanova</author><author>S. Tudisco</author><author>C. Verona </author><author>G. A. P. Cirrone</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Accurate dosimetry is crucial in radiotherapy and particle therapy to ensure that prescribed doses are delivered to tumors while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. Advanced dosimetry systems are needed to meet the challenges of modern techniques (small fields, high dose gradients, ultra-high dose rates). Silicon carbide (SiC), a wide bandgap semiconductor, has emerged as a promising material for next-generation radiation detectors. This review highlights the role of SiC in dosimetry for photon, electron, proton, and carbon ion beams, including the new FLASH ultra-high dose rate radiotherapy. We summarize SiC’s advantageous physical properties and survey its use in various detector architectures. In conclusion, SiC shows excellent linearity, radiation tolerance, and the potential to complement or outperform conventional dosimeters. Ongoing developments and multidisciplinary research are expected to address remaining challenges and pave the way for SiC’s integration into clinical dosimetry and future high-performance applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1603365</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1603365</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Integrated waveguide sources of squeezed vacuum for gravitational wave detection and quantum metrology]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Hamza Hasnaoui</author><author>Matteo Leonardi</author><author>Jean-Pierre Zendri</author><author>Marco Bazzan</author><author>Mirko Lobino</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Integrated optics is one of the most promising platforms for quantum technologies. Integrated nonlinear waveguides have been used for the generation of quantum states of light for several applications. Here we discuss a project for the generation of squeezed vacuum in periodically poled waveguides made on a lithium niobate substrate. This non-classical optical state has been used for enhancing high precision measurements in gravitational wave detectors. However, in this application bulk sources of squeezed vacuum states have been employed. Integrated optics can provide a more robust and reliable way for the generation of these states which have great potential not only for interferometric GW detectors, but also for other high-precision optical measurements as well as for quantum computing purposes.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1585385</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1585385</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Review of INFN activities on characterization and applications of hybrid pixel detectors based on Timepix4 ASIC]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Nicolò Vladi Biesuz</author><author>Riccardo Bolzonella</author><author>Luca Brombal</author><author>Paolo Cardarelli</author><author>Viola Cavallini</author><author>Laura Antonia Cerbone</author><author>Luigi Cimmino</author><author>Pasquale Delogu</author><author>Alessandro Feruglio</author><author>Renata Longo</author><author>Vittoria Mazzini</author><author>Giovanni Mettivier</author><author>Gianfranco Paternò</author><author>Valeria Rosso</author><author>Paolo Russo</author><author>Angelo Taibi</author><author>Salvatore Tudisco</author><author>Simone Velardita</author><author>Massimiliano Fiorini</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The Medipix4 international collaboration represents a landmark initiative in the field of pixelated radiation imaging and detection. Building on the successes of its predecessors—the Medipix2 and Medipix3 collaborations—this effort has been pivotal in advancing hybrid pixel detector technology for a wide range of applications, including medical imaging, particle physics, and material science. The collaboration brings together a consortium of research institutions and industry partners, leveraging decades of expertise to push the boundaries of detector performance and integration. The aim of the Medipix4 collaboration is the development of two state-of-the-art application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs): Timepix4 and Medipix4. These ASICs are designed to address critical challenges in pixelated detection systems, including enhanced spatial resolution, higher data throughput, and improved energy resolution, while maintaining compatibility with a wide range of detector materials. The Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) has been a member of the Medipix4 collaboration since 2020. This review reports the various activities that have been carried out by INFN to fully characterize the performance of detectors based on this technology. Various assemblies composed of a Timepix4 ASIC bump-bonded to Si-sensors with different thicknesses and material characteristics were manufactured and tested.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1599365</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1599365</link>
        <title><![CDATA[ASIX: Single-photon, energy resolved X-ray imaging with 50 μm hexagonal hybrid pixel]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Massimo Minuti</author><author>Luca Baldini</author><author>Roberto Beccherle</author><author>Ronaldo Bellazzini</author><author>Ashish Bisht</author><author>Maurizio Boscardin</author><author>Alessandro Brez</author><author>Paolo Bruschi</author><author>Marco Ceccanti</author><author>Matteo Centis Vignali</author><author>Luca Frontini</author><author>Luigi Gaioni</author><author>Omar Hammad Ali</author><author>Luca Latronico</author><author>Valentino Liberali</author><author>Guido Magazzù</author><author>Alberto Manfreda</author><author>Massimo Manghisoni</author><author>Fabio Morsani</author><author>Leonardo Orsini</author><author>Luca Palini</author><author>Melissa Pesce Rollins</author><author>Michele Pinchera</author><author>Massimo Piotto</author><author>Alessandro Profeti</author><author>Paolo Prosperi</author><author>Lodovico Ratti</author><author>Andrea Ria</author><author>Sabina Ronchin</author><author>Carmelo Sgrò</author><author>Stefano Silvestri</author><author>Gloria Spandre</author><author>Alberto Stabile</author><author>Gianluca Traversi</author><author>Gabriella Trucco</author><author>Monica Vasquez</author><author>Danny Zanardo</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The Analog Spectral Imager for X-rays is a technology demonstrator of a small-pixel Hybrid Pixel Detector (HPD) designed for applications such as X-ray diffraction, synchrotron-based material science, and soft X-ray astrophysics requiring energy-resolved imaging. The ASIX architecture aims at mitigating the adverse effects of charge sharing, typical of small-pixel devices. In contrast to other frame-based photon counters or multi-threshold devices, ASIX employs, along with a 50 μm pixel, an ultra-low-noise (<30 e− ENC), fully analog, asynchronous, single-photon readout, targeting 10μm spatial resolution and 350 eV FWHM at 8 keV within the same exposure. In 2025, we began developing a small scale (∼5×5  mm2) HPD coupling a 300 μm-thick, n-on-p, edgeless silicon sensor with 50 μm pixels arranged in a hexagonal pattern to a newly designed 65-nm CMOS readout ASIC, featuring single-photon readout and on-chip analog to digital conversion, with a target rate capability of 108 ph/s/cm2. While the baseline for the ASIX R&D sensor is silicon for ≤20 keV operation, the design of the readout ASIC is compatible with High-Z materials sensors, such as cadmium-telluride or gallium-arsenide, for higher energies X-rays imaging, enabling potential extension to biomedical and preclinical research. This paper describes the ASIX imager architecture and reports on the development and testing of two Minimum Viable Products (MVPs), developed by coupling XPOL-III, a readily available 180-nm CMOS readout ASIC, to a 300 μm thick silicon sensor with 50 μm pixels and to a 750 μm thick CdTe sensor with 100 μm pixels, respectively. The MVPs achieved estimated energy resolution of 780eV FWHM at 17.5 keV (CdTe), and 620eV FWHM at 9.7 keV (silicon) and spatial resolution of 20μm (CdTe) and 7μm (silicon). These results confirm our preliminary models predicting the feasibility of simultaneous high energy and spatial resolution in such a small-pixel devices, thus securing the ASIX specifications. Finally, the paper highlights the technology gaps that ASIX would potentially fill in both terrestrial and space applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1654578</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1654578</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Thin LGADs and thin silicon diodes for applications in radiotherapy]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-27T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>F. Mas Milian</author><author>E. Data</author><author>A. Vignati</author><author>M. Donetti</author><author>M. Centis Vignali</author><author>M. Ferrero</author><author>V. Ferrero</author><author>E. Fiorina</author><author>V. Monaco</author><author>D. Montalvan Olivares</author><author>F. Pennazio</author><author>M. Pullia</author><author>V. Sola</author><author>R. Sacchi</author><author>S. Giordanengo</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Low gain avalanche diodes (LGADs) and thin n-on-p silicon diodes, when read out by fast and custom electronics, exhibit characteristics that make them promising candidates for the development of new detectors for clinical applications such as beam commissioning, diagnostics and monitoring, dosimetry, and online treatment delivery verification. Compared to gas ionization chambers, these detectors offer significantly higher sensitivity, enabling the detection of single particles at fluxes of up to 108 particles/cm2s—sufficient to cover the entire clinical intensity range of carbon ion therapy and approximately one order of magnitude lower for proton therapy. Various front-end electronics have been developed and characterized for readout configurations, ranging from single channels (pads or strips) to arrays of up to 144 strips. These systems have been applied to single-particle identification for beam monitors in particle therapy, as well as to two-dimensional beam monitoring and dosimetry in ultra-high dose rate and spatially fractionated radiotherapy. This review summarizes the detectors based on LGADs and thin n-on-p silicon diodes developed within the INFN-CSN5 projects MoVeIT, SIG, and FRIDA. Specifically, we present a 2.7 × 2.7 cm2 particle counter for measuring beam fluence and position, a beam energy detector based on the primary particle’s time-of-flight, a setup for studying beam time structure at the nanosecond scale, and a system for range verification via prompt gamma timing. Current advances in various technologies are reviewed, together with challenges and future perspectives on the application of LGADs and thin silicon diodes in radiotherapy.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1650004</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1650004</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Electrooxidation of dopamine using MoS2-Ag conductive ink on screen-printed electrodes for electrochemical sensing]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ntsoaki Mphuthi</author><author>Lucky Mashudu Sikwhivhilu</author><author>Suprakas Sinha Ray</author><author>Bulelwa Ntsendwana</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Abnormal dopamine (DA) levels in the human body are associated with severe health conditions, making their accurate detection crucial for early diagnosis and monitoring. Therefore, the development of a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for DA detection is of significant importance in physiological, biochemical, pharmaceutical, and medical applications. In this study, screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) were fabricated using MoS2-based conductive inks containing varying concentrations of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to enhance electrocatalytic activity. The ink composition included ethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as binders, providing structural integrity and adhesion, while terpineol was used as the solvent to achieve the desired viscosity for smooth and consistent printing. The printed electrodes underwent comprehensive electrochemical characterization to assess their performance, including stability, reproducibility, and sensitivity. Electrochemical analysis revealed that the SPCE/MoS2-Ag,4 electrode exhibited the best sensing characteristics due to the optimized interaction between MoS2 and Ag NPs, which facilitated improved electron transfer and enhanced detection capability. The electroanalytical performance of the sensors was assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and chronoamperometry. The SPCE/MoS2-Ag,4 sensor demonstrated a wide linear detection range from 0.01 to 0.08 mM and an exceptionally low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.016 μM for DA. Additionally, the sensor exhibited excellent reproducibility, high sensitivity, and strong selectivity, making it a promising candidate for reliable dopamine detection in biomedical and clinical applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1607356</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1607356</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Polysiloxane-based scintillators as radiation sensors: state of the art and future perspectives]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Sara Maria Carturan</author><author>Sandra Moretto</author><author>Alberto Quaranta</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Polysiloxane scintillators are emerging as promising radiation sensors due to their high radiation resistance, mechanical flexibility, chemical inertness, and thermal stability compared to traditional plastics. This mini-review traces the evolution of these materials from early formulations to current high-performance scintillators. Their capabilities for particle discrimination, thermal neutron detection, and real-time dose monitoring in proton radiation therapy are highlighted. The chemical versatility of polysiloxanes allows the optimization of energy transfer and light yield, outperforming commercial plastics. Recent developments have led to photocurable, 3D-printable polysiloxane scintillators, opening new avenues. Despite remarkable progress, much room remains for innovations by leveraging the chemistry of siloxane precursors. The entrance of polysiloxanes into the landscape of radiation detectors represents an opportunity to further expand the applications of polymer-based scintillators.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1603755</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1603755</link>
        <title><![CDATA[ARCADIA fully depleted CMOS MAPS development with LFoundry 110 nm CIS]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-08-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Manuel Da Rocha Rolo</author><author>Attilio Andreazza</author><author>Giovanni Ambrosi</author><author>Fabrizio Alfonsi</author><author>Gabriele Balbi</author><author>Gian-Franco Dalla Betta</author><author>Tommaso Croci</author><author>Massimo Caccia</author><author>Davide Chiappara</author><author>Thomas Corradino</author><author>Stefano Durando</author><author>Davide Falchieri</author><author>Alessandro Gabrielli</author><author>Piero Giubilato</author><author>Sara Garbolino</author><author>Roberto Iuppa</author><author>Marco Mandurrino</author><author>Serena Mattiazzo</author><author>Coralie Neubüser</author><author>Lucio Pancheri</author><author>Devis Pantano</author><author>Andrea Paterno</author><author>Matteo Pezzoli</author><author>Pisana Placidi</author><author>Lodovico Ratti</author><author>Ester Ricci</author><author>Angelo Rivetti</author><author>Romualdo Santoro</author><author>Gianluca Traversi</author><author>Jeffery Wyss</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Fully depleted CMOS sensors represent a significant step forward in radiation detection, combining the advantages of monolithic active pixel sensors with the enhanced signal collection efficiency of depleted bulk materials. The ARCADIA Collaboration established a technology platform for the development and production of deep sub-micron fully depleted CMOS monolithic sensors with excellent collection efficiency, advancing this semiconductor detector technology with IP cores, ASICs, and back-end dedicated acquisition systems. The sensor technology was demonstrated on system-ready full chip monolithic active pixel sensors with high rate capability and very low power for the detection of charged particles and photons. Innovative CMOS monolithic LGADs featuring a shallow gain layer and implementing a low-gain avalanche diode were developed for time-of-flight detectors, while other prototype ASICs have implemented multi-threshold photon-counting architectures for X-ray imaging. The implementation of fully depleted monolithic strip sensors with embedded electronics and low power density makes the proposed approach a good candidate for future detectors in space applications. The ARCADIA technology will find applications in medical instruments, nuclear imaging and dosimetry, frontier detectors for experimental high energy, and astroparticle physics. This review details the main development achievements by describing the technology demonstrators fabricated and tested and provides a detailed overview of the characteristics and architecture of the ARCADIA-MD3 full-chip monolithic active pixel sensor.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1648102</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1648102</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Thin LGAD sensors for 4D tracking in high radiation environments: state of the art and perspectives]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-08-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>V. Sola</author><author>M. Boscardin</author><author>F. Moscatelli</author><author>A. R. Altamura</author><author>R. Arcidiacono</author><author>G. Borghi</author><author>N. Cartiglia</author><author>M. Centis Vignali</author><author>T. Croci</author><author>M. Durando</author><author>F. Ficorella</author><author>A. Fondacci</author><author>S. Galletto</author><author>G. Gioachin</author><author>S. Giordanengo</author><author>O. Hammad Ali</author><author>L. Lanteri</author><author>L. Menzio</author><author>A. Morozzi</author><author>D. Passeri</author><author>G. Paternoster</author><author>F. Siviero</author><author>M. Tornago</author><author>R. S. White</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This contribution summarises the outcomes of the CSN5 eXFlu research project. In particular, it presents the first exploration of the performance of very thin Low-Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) sensors, with a bulk active thickness ranging from 45 µm down to 15 µm. Thin sensors have intrinsically good timing performances, as the non-uniformities of particle charge deposition, which contribute as one of the main components to the timing resolution, are minimised by the thin substrate. A timing resolution of 16.6 ps has been achieved with a 20 µm thick LGAD, which was further reduced to 12.2 ps by combining the timing information from two 20 µm thick sensors. Additionally, various designs of the gain implant, typical of LGAD devices, have been explored. In particular, the beneficial effect of Carbon atoms co-implanted with Boron has been enhanced by the simultaneous annealing of the two elements, resulting in the most radiation-hard LGADs produced by the FBK foundry. The eXFlu sensors have been operated efficiently with almost unchanged performance up to a fluence of 2.5 ✕ 1015 1 MeV equivalent n/cm2. Future developments of the LGAD sensor design to extend its operation to extreme fluences, above 1 ✕ 1017 1 MeV equivalent n/cm2, will be discussed.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1619719</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1619719</link>
        <title><![CDATA[TimeSPOT developments on charged-particle silicon sensors for high intensity 4D-Tracking]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-07-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>A. Lai</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in silicon sensors designed for 4D tracking. These devices are of particular relevance for the next-generation of high intensity collider experiments, where meeting stringent requirements in both spatial and temporal resolution, along with unprecedented levels of radiation hardness, will be crucial. Among the various sensor technologies under development, 3D silicon sensors have demonstrated the potential to satisfy all key performance criteria. The paper discusses the development and fabrication processes of these sensors, emphasizing their capability to deliver exceptional timing resolution and radiation tolerance. Methods adopted for their characterization and results obtained from recent experimental campaigns are presented and critically analyzed. Furthermore, the pivotal role of readout electronics in enabling high-precision timing performance is underscored.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1597929</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1597929</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Miniaturized microdosimeters for hadron therapy]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-07-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Anna Selva</author><author>Anna Bianchi</author><author>Alberto Fazzi</author><author>Valeria Conte</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Microdosimetry measures the stochastic fluctuations of energy imparted by radiation at the micrometer level and can provide measurable quantities linked to biological effectiveness. Reference instruments are Tissue-Equivalent Proportional Counters, gas-filled detectors operated in single-event proportional mode with a chemical composition similar to biological materials. The Legnaro National Laboratories of INFN have extensive experience in the design and construction of miniaturized microdosimetric gas counters able to sustain the high fluence rates of hadron therapy beams without significant pile-up effects. This work discusses the current state-of-the-art detection technologies in microdosimetry for hadron therapy, with a focus on miniaturized gas counters. It describes in particular the development of engineered compact detectors optimized for use in clinics, featuring enhanced stability and reproducibility of response, carried out within INFN projects.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1634919</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1634919</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Thought leaders in sensor research: volume 2]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-06-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Dermot Diamond</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1579359</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1579359</link>
        <title><![CDATA[In-vivo continuous monitoring with biosensors based on engineered biological recognition elements: opportunities and challenges]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-04-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Madoka Nagata</author><author>Koji Sode</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The biosensors are generally described as analytical devices that transduce a signal derived from molecular recognition by biological recognition element (BRE) to quantify analytes or species in samples by combining varieties of transducers with different detection modalities. Therefore, the characteristics of biosensors are highly dependent on BREs. BREs are categorized into two types; a biocatalytic type BRE (BioCat-BREs) and a bioaffinity type BRE (BioAff-BREs). Following the currently most successful biosensors, the sensors for continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) for diabetes management, the development of biosensors for continuous sensing of biomarkers and drugs, such as small molecule drugs, peptides and proteins such as therapeutic antibodies is of increasing interest to both researchers and clinicians. However, unlike glucose oxidoreductases and the concentration of glucose in the mM range, the target molecules for the future continuous monitoring system require the development of innovative BioCat-BREs, which ideally are direct transfer type oxidoreductases, and BioAff-BREs which maintain their high affinity and specificity to the target while their binding site is regenerable under in vivo sensor operating condition, as well as the development of new modalities and devices to detect targets in the µM - pM range.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1587646</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsens.2025.1587646</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A multi-site microdosimeter for clinical beam characterization]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-04-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Anna Bianchi</author><author>Anna Selva</author><author>Massimo Rossignoli</author><author>Valeria Conte</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Different types of radiation cause varying levels of biological damage, even when the physical dose is the same, due to the unique way energy is distributed at the subcellular level. The MUSICA project is focused on creating an innovative detector that not only provides quantitative dosimetric data but also qualitative insights. These qualitative insights are derived from measuring physical parameters that are linked to biological effectiveness. This approach, particularly in proton therapy, aims to enhance treatment precision and improve clinical outcomes. Radiation damage occurs through processes at multiple scales, from the DNA level (2 nm) to the entire cell nucleus (10 μm). The stochastic spatial distribution of energy deposition can be studied using microdosimetric techniques with tissue-equivalent gas proportional counters (TEPC). While many studies employing TEPCs have examined sites smaller than 2 μm (such as chromosomes), characterization at the 10 μm scale has typically been performed useing solid-state detectors. However, gas microdosimeters provide benefits in terms of sensitivity, geometry, and tissue equivalence, making it highly advantageous to conduct multi-site characterization using a single detector. The project has developed a TEPC with two charge collection zones, allowing for the definition of two different volume sizes (e.g., 1 and 10 μm) without changing the gas pressure. This will enable dual-dimension microdosimetric characterization in a single measurement session without switching detectors. The resulting bi-dimensional data will be integrated into new radiobiological models that link physical measurements to biological outcomes, enhancing our understanding of how ionizing radiation affects living tissue.]]></description>
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